动词1VERBSI文档格式.docx

动词1VERBSI文档格式.docx

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2）Anauxiliaryverbhelpstoformaverbphraseusedtoexpressasimplepredicate.

3）Alinkverbhelpstoformacompound[nominal]predicate.Themostcommonly-used

linkverbsare“be”,“become”,“remain”,“get”,“turn”,“look”,etc.

4）Amodalverbhelpstoformacompound[verbal]predicate

5）Asemi-auxiliaryverb,likeamodalverb,alsohelpstoformacompound[verbal]

predicate.

Thefollowingarecommonly-usedsemi-auxiliaryverbs:

beabouttobeapttobeboundtobecertainto

begoingtobeliabletobe（un）likelytobesureto

betohadbetter/besthave[got]toappearto

cometofailtogettohappento

seemtoturnoutto,etc.

allsemi-auxiliaryverbs,exceptthosewith“be”or“have”asafirstelement,donottake

inversionornegationwith“not”withoutanauxiliaryormodalverb,e.g.

Ididn’tgettoseeheryesterday.

Igotnottoseeheryesterday.（wrong）

Howcouldyougettoseeheryesterday?

Howgotyoutoseeheryesterday?

（wrong）

But:

Istheteacherlikelytocome?

Youhadbetternottogo.

Semi-auxiliaryverbs,similartomodalverbs,cannotbemadepassivethemselves.Theyallowthepassiveonlyintheinfinitiveafterthem,e.g.

Shegottobeseen.

Shewasgottobeseen.（wrong）[byhim]

Theplayhappenednottobeseen.

Theplaywasn’thappenedtobeseen（wrong）

6.4TransitiveandIntransitiveVerbs

Notionalverbscanbefurtherdividedintotwoclasses:

transitiveandintransitive.

1）Transitiveverbs

Therearethreetypesoftransitiveverbscorrespondingcloselytothedifferenttypesofobject

andcomplement:

（1）Monotransitive（thosetakingadirectobject）,e.g.

Don’tsidestepthecrucialquestion.

Ibelievethatheiscorrect.

（2）Ditransitive（thosepermittinganindirectobjectinadditiontoadirectone）,e.g.

Canyoushowmethebookyoumean?

Shedidn’ttellmewhatshewaslookingfor.

（2）Complex-transitive（thosetakingacomplexobjecti.e.anobject+complement）,e.g.

Healwaysthinkshimselfsomething.

Returnthemagazineswheretheyhavebeen.

2）Intransitiveverbs（thosetakingnoobject）,e.g.

Shedancesverywell.

ThebirdswerestillsingingwhenIawoke.

3）Someverbswhichareessentiallytransitivemaysometimesbeusedintransitively.This

takesplace:

（1）Owingtotheresultoftheomissionoftheself-pronoun,e.g.

Asheroseanddressed[himself],hethoughtoverwhathadhappenedthedaybefore.

John,behave[yourself]!

（2）Astheverbisintransitiveinformbutpassiveinmeaning,e.g.

Thecarcan’tdrive.

Theplayreadsmoreeasilythanitacts.

（3）Whentheobjectisclearfromthecontext,e.g.

Hasn’thereceivedmyletter?

Iwrote[theletter]twoweeksago.

TheyarrivedinChangshalastMondayandIleft[Changsha]yesterday.

（4）Whentheobjectisof“generalmeaning”,e.g.

Hespeaksandwriteswell.

Shepaintsnicely.

4）Incontrast,therearesomeotherverbswhichareessentiallyintransitivemaybeused

transitively:

（1）Withacausativemeaning,e.g.

Hewalkedthehorsetoandfro.（=Hemadethehorsewalktoandfro.）

Sheranhereyesoverthelist.

Theymarchedtheprisonersaway.

Hestoodthebottlenearthewindowsill.

（2）Withtheprepositionaftertheverbleftout,e.g.

Thedethronedkinghasalreadyfled[from]thecountry.

Theytalked[about]literaturealltheevening.

Heknowsaninternwhoiswalking[in]thehospitalsthere.

（3）Withacognateobject（i.e.anobjectalreadyimpliedmoreorlessintheverbitself）,e.g.

Helivedagreatlife.

Shediedagloriousdeath.

Helaughedaheartylaugh.

LastnightIsleptapeacefulsleepanddreamedahappydream.

5）Veryoftenwithsomeverbswhichcanbeusedbothtransitivelyandintransitively,itisdifficulttoknowwhichofthetwousesistheoriginalone,e.g.

TransitiveIntransitive

Ididn’tgethisidea.Ididn’tgetatthemeaningofwhathesaid.

SheopenedherhearttotheParty.TheexhibitionopenedlastFriday.

Heisreadingthenewspaper.Hereadswell.

HestoppedthecarandstudiedtheopeningThecarstopped.

withhisfieldglasses.ThevacationbeginsonJuly1st.

Heatoncebeganathirdbook.

6.5FundamentalFormsofVerbs

Thefourfundamentalformsare“thepresentform”,“thepastform”,“thepastparticiple”and

“thepresentparticiple”,e.g.

Present

Past

PastParticiple

PresentParticiple

Regular

work

worked

working

Irregular

speak

spoke

spoken

speaking

Fromthesetheotherformsoftheverbcanbemade.Thepastparticipleisusedwithvariousformsoftheauxiliaryverb“be”toformthepassivevoice,withtheauxiliaryverb“have”toformtheperfecttenses.Thepresentparticiple,whenprecededbyvariousformsoftheauxiliaryverb“be”,formsthecontinuoustenses.Taketheverb“speak”asanexample,thefollowingarethe16tenseforms（active）ofit:

Indefinite

Continuous

Perfect

PerfectContinuous

Speak

speaks

am

arespeaking

is

havespoken

has

Havebeenspeaking

wasspeaking

were

hadspoken

hadbeenspeaking

Future

Shallspeak

will

shallbespeaking

shallhave

willspoken

shallhavebeenspeaking

Past

shouldspeak

would

shouldbe

wouldspeaking

shouldhave

wouldspoken

shouldhavebeen

6.6RegularandIrregularVerbs

1）Regularverbsformthepastformandthepastparticiplebyadding“-ed”andthepresent

participlebyadding“-ing”,tothepresentform,e.g.

PresentPastPastPresent

formformparticipleparticiple

laughlaughedlaughedlaughing

wantwantedwantedwanting

Butsomespellingchangesshouldbenoted:

（1）Withverbsendingin“e”,add“d”onlyfortheirpastandpastparticipleandomit

“e”before“-ing”inthepresentparticiple,e.g.

livelivedlivedliving

arrivearrivedarrivedarriving

（2）Withverbsendingin“ie”,change“ie”to“y”before“-ing”inthepresentparticiple,e.g.

diedieddieddying

lie（说谎）liedliedlying

（3）Withverbsthatendin“y”precededbyaconsonant,changethe“y”to“i”before“-ed”,

e.g.

drydrieddrieddrying

trytriedtriedtrying

（4）Thefinalconsonantletterisdoubledbefore“-ed”and“-ing”iftheconsonantissingle,

precededbyasinglevowelletter,andiftheverbismonosyllabicorstressedonthelastsyllable,e.g.

dipdippeddippeddipping

laglaggedlaggedlagging

controlcontrolledcontrolledcontrolling

（5）Withafewverbsendingin“c”,change“c”to“ck”before“-ed”and“-ing”,e.g.

mimicmimickedmimickedmimicking

traffictraffickedtraffickedtrafficking

（6）Withverbsthatendin“I”andafewotherverbs,doublethefinalconsonantevenwhen

thelastsyllableisnotstressed,e.g.

marvelmarvelledmarvelledmarveling

traveltravelledtravelledtravelling

worshipworshippedworshippedworshipping

2）Allverbsthatdonotformthepastformandthepastparticiplebyaddingtheending“-ed”

tothepresentformarecalledirregularverbs.Irregularverbsmaybedividedintofourgroups:

（1）Boththepastformandthepastparticipleareidenticalwiththepresentform,e.g.

cutcutcutcutting

letletletletting

spreadspreadspreadspreading

（2）Thepastformandthepastparticipleareidenticalbutdifferfromthepresentform,e.g.

sitsatsatsitting

telltoldtoldtelling

buildbuiltbuiltbuilding

teachtaughttaughtteaching

（3）Eitherthepastformorthepastparticipleisidenticalwiththepresentform,e,g.

beatbeatbeatenbeating

comecamecomecoming

runranrunrunning

（4）Thepastformandthepastparticipledifferfromeachotheraswellasfromthepresent

form,（过去式和过去分词都与现在式不同，而且两者又互不相同，）e.g.

seesawseenseeing

beginbeganbegunbeginning

fallfellfallenfalling

6.7PhrasalVerbs

Unlikesingle-wordverbsasin（a）,phrasalverbsaremulti-wordverbs,i.e.verb+adverb（orpreposition,etc.）formingasemanticandsyntacticunit,asin（b）inthefollowing:

Shebroughtup（=reared）herchildrentobeconsiderateofothers.

Phrasalverbsaremadeupof:

1）vi+adv.（=vi）,e.g.

Iwillnevergivein（=yield）.

2）vi+prep.（=vt）,e.g.

Icameupon（=discovered）thebooktheotherday.

Newspaperscalledfor（=demanded）theseverestpunishmentofthecriminals.

3）vt+