雅思阅读表格填空题讲解AlternativeMedicineinAustraliaWord格式文档下载.docx

雅思阅读表格填空题讲解AlternativeMedicineinAustraliaWord格式文档下载.docx

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alternativeMedicineinAustralia

ThefirststudentstostudyalternativemedicineatuniversitylevelinAustraliabegantheirfour-year,full-timecourseattheUniversityofTechnologySydney,inearly1994.Theircoursecovered,amongothertherapies,acupuncture.ThetheorytheylearntisbasedonthetraditionalChineseexplanationofthisancienthealingartthatitcanregulatetheflowof‘Qi’orenergythroughpathwaysinthebody.Thiscoursereflectshowfarsomealternativetherapieshavecomeintheirstruggleforacceptancebythemedicalestablishment.

AustraliahasbeenunusualintheWesternworldinhavingaveryconservativeattitudetonaturaloralternativetherapies,accordingtoDrPaulLaver,alecturerinPublicHealthattheUniversityofSydney.‘We’vehadatraditionofdoctorsbeingfairlypowerfulandIguesstheyareprettyloathtoallowanypretenderstotheirpositiontocomeintoit.’Inmanyotherindustrializedcountries,orthodoxandalternativemedicinehaveworked‘handinglove’foryears.InEurope,onlyorthodoxdoctorscanprescribeherbalmedicine.InGermany,plantremediesaccountfor10%ofthenationalturnoverofpharmaceuticals.Americansmademorevisitstoalternativetherapiststhantoorthodoxdoctorsin1990,andeachyeartheyspendabout$US12billionontherapiesthathavenotbeenscientificallytested.

DisenchantmentwithorthodoxmedicinehasseenthepopularityofalternativetherapiesinAustraliaclimbsteadilyduringthepast20years.Ina1983nationalhealthsurvey,1.9%ofpeoplesaidtheyhadcontactedachiropractor,naturopath,osteopath,acupuncturistorherbalistinthetwoweekspriortothesurvey.By1990,thisfigurehadrisento2.6%ofthepopulation.The550,000consultationswithalternativetherapistsreportedinthe1990surveyrepresentedaboutaneighthofthetotalnumberofconsultationswithmedicallyqualifiedpersonnelcoveredbythesurvey,accordingtoDrLaverandcolleagueswritingintheAustralianJournalofPublicHealthin1993.‘Abettereducatedandlessacceptingpublichasbecomedisillusionedwiththeexpertsingeneral,andincreasinglyskepticalaboutscienceandempiricallybasedknowledge,’theysaid.‘Thehighstandingofprofessionals,includingdoctors,hasbeenerodedasaconsequence.’

Ratherthanresistingorcriticizingthistrend,increasingnumbersofAustraliandoctors,particularlyyoungerones,areforminggrouppracticeswithalternativetherapistsortakingcoursesthemselves,particularlyinacupunctureandherbalism.Partoftheincentivewasfinancial,DrLaversaid.‘Thebottomlineisthatmostgeneralpractitionersarebusinesspeople.Iftheyseepotentialclientelegoingelsewhere,theymightwanttobeabletoofferasimilarservice.‘

In1993,DrLaverandhiscolleaguespublishedasurveyof289Sydneypeoplewhoattendedeightalternativetherapists’practicesinSydney.Thesepracticesofferedawiderangeofalternativetherapiesfrom25therapists.Thosesurveyedhadexperiencedchronicillnesses,forwhichorthodoxmedicinehadbeenabletoprovidelittlerelief.Theycommentedthattheylikedtheholisticapproachoftheiralternativetherapistsandthefriendly,concernedanddetailedattentiontheyhadreceived.Thecold,impersonalmanneroforthodoxdoctorsfeaturedinthesurvey.Anincreasingexodusfromtheirclinics,coupledwiththisandanumberofotherrelevantsurveyscarriedoutinAustralia,allpointingtoorthodoxdoctors’inadequacies,haveledmainstreamdoctorsthemselvestobegintoadmittheycouldlearnfromthepersonalstyleofalternativetherapists.DrPatrickStore,PresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofGeneralPractitioners,concursthatorthodoxdoctorscouldlearnalotaboutbedsidemannerandadvisingpatientsonpreventativehealthfromalternativetherapists.

AccordingtotheAustralianJournalofPublicHealth,18%ofpatientsvisiting

alternativetherapistsdosobecausetheysufferfrommusculo-skeletalcomplaints,12%sufferfromdigestiveproblems,whichisonly1%morethanthosesufferingfromemotionalproblems.Thosesufferingfromrespiratorycomplaintsrepresent7%oftheirpatients,andcandidasufferersrepresentanequalpercentage.Headachesufferersandthosecomplainingofgeneralillhealthrepresent6%and5%ofpatientsrespectivelyandafurther4%seetherapistsforgeneralhealthmaintenance.Thesurveysuggestedthatcomplementarymedicineisprobablyabettertermthanalternativemedicine.Alternativemedicineappearstobeanadjunctsoughtintimesofdisenchantmentwhenconventionalmedicineseemsnottooffertheanswer.

真题讲解：

长难句练习：

1.‘We’vehadatraditionofdoctorsbeingfairlypowerfulandIguesstheyareprettyloathtoallowanypretenderstotheirpositiontocomeintoit.’

参考译文：

我们有个传统，医生是相当权威的，我猜他们很不愿意让那些觊觎他们位置的冒牌货得逞。

知识点：

在这句话当中，beingfairlypowerful是现在分词作定语来修饰doctors。

2.The550,000consultationswithalternativetherapistsreportedinthe1990surveyrepresentedaboutaneighthofthetotalnumberofconsultationswithmedicallyqualifiedpersonnelcoveredbythesurvey,accordingtoDrLaverandcolleagueswritingintheAustralianJournalofPublicHealthin1993.

据Laver博士和他的同事在1993年的《澳大利亚公共卫生期刊》中所说，在1990年所作的报告中，55万人对替代疗法专家进行过咨询，占据着这次调查所涉及到的对医疗合格人员的咨询总数量的八分之一。

这句话的主语是consultations，reported是过去分词作定语，修饰consultations。

谓语是represented，宾语是aneighthofthetotalnumberofconsultations。

3.Anincreasingexodusfromtheirclinics,coupledwiththisandanumberofotherrelevantsurveyscarriedoutinAustralia,allpointingtoorthodoxdoctors’inadequacies,haveledmainstreamdoctorsthemselvestobegintoadmittheycouldlearnfromthepersonalstyleofalternativetherapists.

病人从诊所中大批离去，加上其他一些相关的全国性调查的结果，矛头直指正统医师的不足之处，这就使得他们开始承认应该学习一下另类疗法医师的亲切态度。

exodus以及thisandanumberofotherrelevantsurveys是主语，谓语是haveled---to---,allpointingto---则是现在分词作定语，来限定主语。

雅思阅读流程图填空题讲解--__E

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Thebirthofmodemplastics

In1907,LeoHendrickBaekeland,aBelgianscientistworkinginNewYork,discoveredandpatentedarevolutionarynewsyntheticmaterial.Hisinvention,whichhenamed‘Bakelite’,wasofenormoustechnologicalimportance,andeffectivelylaunchedthemodernplasticsindustry.

Theterm‘plastic’comesfromtheGreekplassein,meaning‘tomould’.Someplasticsarederivedfromnaturalsources,somearesemi-synthetic（theresultofchemicalactiononanaturalsubstance）,andsomeareentirelysynthetic,thatis.chemicallyengineeredfromtheconstituentsofcoaloroil.Someare‘thermoplastic’,whichmeansthat,likecandlewax,theymeltwhenheatedandcanthenbereshaped.Othersarethermosetting'

:

likeeggs,theycannotreverttotheiroriginalviscousstate,andtheirshapeisthusfixedforever.Bakelitehadthedistinctionofbeingthefirsttotallysyntheticthermosettingplastic.

Thehistoryoftoday'

splasticsbeginswiththediscoveryofaseriesofsemi-syntheticthermoplasticmaterialsinthemid-nineteenthcentury.Theimpetusbehindthedevelopmentoftheseearlyplasticswasgeneratedbyanumberoffactors-immensetechnologicalprogressinthedomainofchemistry,coupledwithwiderculturalchanges,andthepragmaticneedtofindacceptablesubstitutesfordwindlingsuppliesof'

luxury’materialssuchastortoiseshellandivory.

Baekeland‘sinterestinplasticsbeganin1885when,asayoungchemistrystudentinBelgium,heembarkedonresearchintophenolicresins,thegroupofstickysubstancesproducedwhenphenol（carbolicacid）combineswithanaldehyde（avolatilefluidsimilartoalcohol）.Hesoonabandonedthesubject,however,onlyreturningtoitsomeyearslater.By1905hewasawealthyNewYorker,havingrecentlymadehisfortunewiththeinventionofanewphotographicpaper.WhileBaekelandhadbeenbusilyamassingdollars,someadvanceshadbeenmadeinthedevelopmentofplastics.Theyears1899and1900hadseenthepatentingofthefirstsemi-syntheticthermosettingmaterialthatcouldbemanufacturedonanindustrialscale.Inpurelyscientificterms,Baekeland’smajorcontributiontothefieldisnotsomuchtheactualdiscoveryofthematerialtowhichhegavehisname,butratherthemethodbywhichareactionbetweenphenolandformaldehydecouldbecontrolled,thusmakingpossibleitspreparationonacommercialbasis.On13July1907,Baekelandtookouthisfamouspatentdescribingthispreparation,theessentialfeaturesofwhicharestillinusetoday.

Theoriginalpatentoutlinedathree-stageprocess,inwhichphenolandformaldehyde（fromwoodorcoal）wereinitiallycombinedundervacuuminsidealargeegg-shapedkettle.TheresultwasaresinknownasNovalak,whichbecamesolubleandmalleablewhenheated.Theresinwasallowedtocoolinshallowtraysuntilithardened,andthenbrokenupandgroundintopowder.Othersubstanceswerethenintroduced:

includingfillers,suchaswoodflour,asbestosorcotton,whichincreasestrengthandmoistureresistance,catalysts（substancestospeedupthereactionbetweentwochemicalswithoutjoiningtoeither）andhexa,acompoundofammoniaandformaldehydewhichsuppliedtheadditionalformaldehydenecessarytoformathermosettingresin.Thisresinwasthenlefttocoolandharden,andgroundupasecondtime.TheresultinggranularpowderwasrawBakelite,readytobemadeintoavastrangeofmanufacturedobjects.Inthelaststage,theheatedBakelitewaspouredintoahollowmouldoftherequiredshapeandsubjectedtoextremeheatandpressure

1.Inpurelyscientificterms,Baekeland'

smajorcontributiontothefieldisnotsomuchtheactualdiscoveryofthematerialto