高中英语语法详解精练 17第十七章虚拟语气Word文件下载.docx
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意义
条件从句
主句
现在
表示与现在事实相反
did/were
would/could/should/might/do
过去
表示与过去事实相反
haddone
would/could/should/might/havedone
将来
表示与将来事实相反
shoulddo
/weretodo/
过去式
would/could/should/might/do
1.Wecouldaskhimifhewerehere.
Wewouldgotherewithyouifwehadtime.
IfIknewhistelephonenumber,Iwouldringhimup.
2.Ifyouhadseenhimyesterday,hewouldhaveaskedyouaboutit.
Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.
3.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,thecropswouldbesaved.
Ifitweretosnowtomorrow,theywouldnotgoout.
IfIgotfivemilliondollarstomorrow,Ishouldbuyabighouse.
需要注意的几个问题:
(1)混合虚拟语气
一句陈述,一句虚拟。
例如:
IfIhadmissedandhadshottoolow,Iwasgoingtousethisarrowonyou.
两句均虚拟,时间范畴不同。
Ifithadnotbeenforme,youwouldnotbefree.
Ifyouhadspokentohimyesterday,hewouldknowwhattodonow.
(2)有时用介词短语来表达虚拟条件从句。
Icouldn’thavelivedthroughChristmaswithoutgivingyouapresent.(=IfIhadn’tgivenyouapresent.)
Theywouldn’tbeabletolivewithouthim.
(=ifitwerenotforhim.)
Butforyourhelp,Ishouldhavefailed.
(=Ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp)
Iwouldhavebeenlostbutforyou.
(=Ifithadn’tbeenforyou.)
(3)如果虚拟条件从句的谓语含有连系动词were、助动词had或should,有时可将if省略,而把were、had、should提至句首倒装。
Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus.
DidIknowhistelephonenumber,Iwouldringhimup.
Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.
Shoulditrain,thecropswouldbesaved.
但在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。
如我们可以说:
Wereitnotfortheexpense,IwouldgotoItaly.但不能说:
Weren’titfortheexpense,IwouldgotoItaly.
用其他方式表示。
Itwouldproducebadresultstodothat.
=Ifyouhavedonethat,itwouldproducebadresults.
【即时体验】
_________,I’dhavedoneitmyself.
A.IfIwouldhaveknownitB.IfIhadhaveknownit
C.HadIknownitD.ShouldIknownit
解析:
if条件句中包含有should,had,were则可省去if并把should,had,were移到句首,构成倒装句式,而意思不变。
答案:
C
二、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法
这种从句常用在Itis(high)time(that)…句型中,定语从句的谓语动词用过去式,或should+动词原形(should不能省略,be用were)来表示,意为“(现在)该…”。
Itis(high)timeweleft/shouldleave.
Itishightimeweweregoing.
It’s(high)timethatwehad/shouldhavesports.
It’shightimethatsomething_________toprohibitsellingfakecommodities.
A.mustbedoneB.wasdoneC.bedoneD.weredone
It'
shightime...结构后应使用虚拟语气,something在这里应接过去时态单数谓语动词was。
故选B。
B
三、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
(一)wish+宾语从句,宾语从句表示的是与事实相反的愿望,汉语可译为“可惜…”,“…就好了”,“悔不该…”,“但愿…”等。
1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用过去式来表示。
IwishIknewtheanswer.(=Idon’tknowtheanswer.)
Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.
2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用过去完成式来表示。
Wewishwehadarrivedtheretwohoursearlier.
IwishIhadknowntheanswerthen.
(=Ididn’tknowtheanswerthen.)
3.表示与将来事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用could/woulddo来表示。
Iwishyoucouldgowithus.
IwishIcouldflytothemooninaspaceshipnextyear.
(=Iwon’tbeabletoflytothemooninaspaceshipnextyear.)
(二)suggest+宾语从句,insist+宾语从句
1.suggest+宾语从句:
虚拟语气,意为“建议”用should+动词原形should可以省略;
陈述语气,意为“暗示”、“使人联想”不用should+动词原形。
Isuggestedthatshe(should)takepartinthework.
Wesuggestedthatwe(should)haveameeting.
Hersun-tannedfacesuggestedthatshewasingoodhealth.
2.insist+宾语从句:
虚拟语气,意为“坚决要求”用should+动词原形should可以省略;
陈述语气,意为“坚持认为”不用should+动词原形。
Heinsistedthathewasrightandthathe(should)besetfree.
Sheinsistedthatthey(should)allbethereontime.
Thecaptaininsistedthatheneedednohelp.
Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.
Heinsistedthathewasrightandthatheshouldbesetfree.
(三)在demand,order,command,propose,advise,require,ask,request,forbid这些动词后的宾语从句都是虚拟语气,谓语用should+动词原形,should可以省略。
IdemandedthatJohn(should)gothereatonce.
Heorderedthatthework(should)bestartedatonce.
Thechiefcommandedthatprisoners(should)beshot.
Weproposedthatthehouse(should)berepaired
Weadvisedthatsteps(should)betakenatonce.
Theemergencyrequiredthatit(should)bedone.
Sheaskedthattheproblem(should)besettled
Peoplerequestedthatavote(should)betaken.
Iforbidthatyou(should)smokehere.
Wepreferthattheplan____________beforebeingputintoexecution.
A.willbefullydiscussedB.befullydiscussed
C.mustbefullydiscussedD.wouldbefullydiscussed
此句考点是虚拟语气。
及物动词advise,agree,ask,beg,command,decide,demand,determine,dictate等后面的宾语从句须用虚拟语气。
虚拟语气的形式是should+动词原形,should可以省去,因此选B。
四、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法
(一)Itisnecessary(important/natural/strange)that+(should)+动词原形,表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、“理应如此”等。
Itisnecessarythateveryone(should)bethereintime.
ItisimportantthateveryLeaguemember(should)taketheleadandworkwell.
Itisnaturalthateconomiccrises(should)ariseinsomecountries.
Itisstrangethatheshouldhavedoneit.
(二)Itissuggested(ordered,requested,proposed,…)that…+(should)+动词原形,即宾语从句的虚拟语气在被动句的用法。
Itissuggestedthatamodernhotel(should)bebuiltatthefootofthehill.
Itwasarrangedthathe(should)leavethenextmorning.
在上述主语从句中,should意为“应该”、“竟然”,可以省去,但不可以换用would。
主句所用动词的时态不限。
注意:
这种从句通常表示的是事实。
如果说话人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感,就可用虚拟语气。
反之,that从句也可用陈述语气。
Itisapitythatyoucan’tswim.
五、虚拟语气在表语从句、同位语从句中的用法
出现在suggestion(s),plan(s),idea(s),proposal(s),order(s)等词后面的表语从句或同位语从句,其谓语用(should)+动词原形。
Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)rushtotheirhelp.
MyideaisthatweshouldputonashortplayattheEnglishevening.
Doyouagreetotheplanthatweeachshouldplantatleastthreetreesforourschoolthisspring?
Thecommandergavetheorderthatweshouldsurroundtheenemyinthatvillagebeforedaylight.
六、虚拟语气在其他状语从句中的用法
(一)sothat从句中常用can,could,may,might。
Theteacherspokeslowlysothatthestudentscould/mighthearhimclearly.
(二)inorderthat从句中常用may,might。
Theemperororderedthattheweaversshouldbegivensomegoldinorderthattheymightbegintheirworkatonce.
(三)asif引导的方式状语从句
1.表示与现在事实相反,从句谓语动词用过去式来表示,be动词用were。
Shelovesthechildasifhewereherown.
2.表示与过去事实相反,从句谓语动词用过去完成式来表示。
Shelovesthechildasifhewerehisown.
Shespokeasifshehadknownit.
HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEnglishinEngland.
asif从句还可表示陈述语气。
Hewalkedasifhewasdrunk.(陈述语气“醉了”)
Hewalkedasifheweredrunk.(虚拟语气“没有醉”)
(四)though引导的状语从句
Einsteincaredlittleformoney,thoughhecouldhavebeenveryrich.
→IfEinsteinhadcaredmuchformoney,hecouldhavebeenveryrich.
(五)evenif引导的状语从句
Evenifshehadbeenverybusy,shewouldhavehelpedus.
七、虚拟语气用于ifonly引导的感叹句
IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.我要是听他的就好了。
IfonlyIwereabird.我如果是一只鸟就好了。
Ifonlywe____thenthediseasewascurable.
A.knewB.couldknowC.hadknownD.wouldhaveknown
ifonly引导的句子用虚拟语气,表示与过去的事实相反时,动词用过去完成时。
C
八、其它情况下虚拟语气的使用
(一)wouldratherthat…
Iwouldratherthatwewenthomenow.
IwouldratherthathehadgonetoBeijinglastweek.
Iwouldratherthatyoucame/shouldcometomorrow.
(二)or/otherwise
Hegaveuphisteachingbecausehishandsshookconstantly.Otherwisehewouldstillbeworking.
Ithoughtyouwouldremainthereforawhile.OtherwiseIwouldn’thaveboughtyouasingleticket.
Einsteincaredlittleformoney.Otherwisehecouldhavebeenveryrich.
Heraisedhimselfcompletelyobligingmetorisetoo,orIcouldnothavesupportedhim.
(三)WouldyoumindifIdid…?
WouldyoumindifIsmoked?
WouldyoumindifIopenedthewindow?
(四)表示祝愿和诅咒
Heavenbepraised.赞美上帝吧。
Godblessyou.愿上帝保佑你。
Godforgiveyou.
Longlivetheking.
Mayyousucceed.
Wishyousuccess.
Damnyou./Goddamnyou./Goddamn./Damn.该死。
教你一招
巧记虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法
一坚持(insist),
二命令(order,command),
三建议(suggest,propose,advise),
四要求(require,request,desire,demand),
虚拟语,shoulddo。
高考链接
1.(2010陕西)Ifwe___theotherroad,wemighthavearrivedhereintimeforthemeeting.
A.takeB.hadtakenC.tookD.havetaken
B.
考查虚拟语气。
所填词做虚拟语气中条件状语从句的谓语,根据主句的谓语动词
形式mighthavearrived可知题干是与过去事实相反,故所填部分用had+过去分词形式,
选B。
2.(2010湖北。
)Mr.Johnsoninsistedthattheproblemworthyofattention________(讨论)atthemeeting.(discuss)
(should)bediscussed
“insist”引导的宾语从句要用虚拟,从句结构是“should”(可省略)加动词原形,
主语“problem”是要“被讨论”。
3.(2010北京)—Theweatherhasbeenveryhotanddry.
—Yes.Ifithadrainedevenadrop,thingswouldbemuchbetternow!
Andmyvegetables.
A.wouldn'
tdieB.didn'
tdie
C.hadn'
tdiedD.wouldn'
thavedied
D
第二个说话人的If条件句是我们选择正确答案的关键。
要是当时下雨了,现在的
情况就好的多了!
我的蔬菜也就不会死了。
过去没有下雨,所以我的蔬菜干死了也是发
生在过去。
而将句子还原则为Ifithadrainedevenadrop,myvegetableswouldn'
thavedied.
If+haddone,主句为couldn’t/shouldn'
t/wouldn'
thavedone.
4.(2010浙江)HadIknownaboutthiscomputerprogram,ahugeamountoftimeandenergy.
A.wouldhavebeensavedB.hadbeensaved
C.willbesavedD.wassaved
A
根据句子的倒装特征判断此处是省略了if的虚拟语气,原形是:
IfIhadknownabout
thiscomputerprogram,ahugeamountoftimeandenergy.故选择A。
句意为:
如果我
早知道这个电脑程序,就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。
5.(2009福建)ButforthehelpofmyEnglishteacher,IthefirstprizeintheEnglishWritingCompetition.
A.wouldnotwinB.wouldnothavewon
C.wouldwinD.wouldhavewon
B
虚拟语气。
此处虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反,句子谓语动词用would/should/could