全英语论文Word格式.docx

全英语论文Word格式.docx

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（Feb-Apr2008）:

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AllthetimepeopleaskmewhetheritmakesadifferencewhetherIamsittingwithco-arbitratorsfromthecivillaworthecommonlawtradition.Itellthemthere'

snotmuchdifference.Italldependsonthepeople.Somepeoplehavevastinternationalexperience,andbythatImeantrulyinternationalexperiencebeyondtheEnglish-speaking,cricket-playingworld.Theyhavearbitratedallovertheworldwithco-arbitratorsfromallovertheworld,andlawyersfromallovertheworldhaveappearedbeforethem.Theytakeacomparativelawapproach.Actually,Iwouldsay,itisnotevenprimarilyalegalapproach;

it'

sapracticalapproach.

Determiningtheapplicablelawanditscontentisbynomeansthefirsttaskinarbitration.Itisoneofthelast,oncethefactsofthecasehavebeenestablished.

TheNeedtoBeFlexible

Anarbitrationisaprojectandyouhavetoworkwellwithpeopletomaketheprocesswork.Whatshapesanarbitrationistheinteractionoftheparticipants.Surely,thearbitratorsmatter,buttheytendtobethemostflexiblepeopleintheroom.Thatiswhytheywerechosen.Thelawyersforthepartiestendtobeslightlylessflexible.Theycomeinalltypes.Ihaveseensomequiteflexiblelawyerswhomoveeffortlesslythroughinternationalcases.Theylearned,probablythroughtheirlocalpractice,thatifyouwanttowincases,youmustunderstandthetriers-of-factandworkwellwiththeotherpeopleinvolvedinthecase.Ontheotherhand,Ihavealsoseenmanyinflexiblelawyers.Somearesospecializedinbig-ticketlitigationthatitishardforthemtounderstandthatarbitrationisnotlitigationwithanothername,oreven"

litigationlight."

IBARulesofEvidence

Theparties'

attorneysshouldunderstandasearlyaspossiblethatthearbitrationproceedingwillnotfollowtheprocedurescalledforbytheirownstatecourts.RathertheywillmostoftenfollowtheIBA[InternationalBarAssociation]RulesofEvidence（IBARules）.Inthelastfewyears,Icannotrememberasinglecasewheretheseruleswerenotusedasguidelines,andIamnowtalkingaboutcasesinjurisdictionsliterallyallovertheworld.

YouhearthattheIBARulesofEvidenceareaclevercompromisebetweenthecivillawandthecommonlaw.Idonotthinkthatthisisright.Inmanyareastheserulescontainproceduresthatdifferfromwhatisdoneinstatecourtsinbothcivilandcommonlawjurisdictions.

WasitdifficulttodrafttheIBARulesofEvidence?

Notvery.Theruleswerewrittenbyagroupofarbitratorswhohadexperiencearbitratinginmanydifferentcountries.TheysimplyputintheIBARuleswhattheyusuallywroteintheirordersfordirections-i.e.,theirbestpractice.ThatishowproceduresnotgenerallyusedinstatecourtsproceedingswerebuiltintotheIBARules,suchasextensivewrittensubmissionsaccompaniedbyearlysubmissionofdocuments,witnessstatementswithlivecross-examinationofwitnesses,andfreeassessmentoftheevidencebythearbitraltribunal.Forthesamereason,technicalrulesofevidence,suchasthehearsayrule,donotapplyininternationalarbitration.Thereare,however,afewimportantpointsthatarenotcoveredbytheIBARulesorarejustglossedover.

ALookBackatHistory

Wheredothedifferencesbetweenthecommonlawandthecivillawtraditioncomefrom?

Notfromdeepphilosophy,despitethefactthatyouoftenhearpeoplesay,"

Oursistheinductivemethod;

theirsthedeductivemethod,"

or"

Weareseekingtruthandjustice;

theothersarecontentwithformalismandapplyingthelaw."

Orisittheotherwayaround?

No,thedifferencescomefromhistoryandhabitmostly.ThesehaveshapedtheorganizationofthecourtsandthelegalprofessioninthecommonlawworldforcenturieswithoutthedramaticchangethatshookContinentalthelittlemorethan200yearsago.ItisonlyEuropealittlemorethan200yearsago.Itisonlyoverlittlemorethantwocenturiesthatlegislatorsintwo-thirdsoftheworldstartedcreatingsystematiccodes.OntheEuropeancontinent,weowetheRomanssomebasicideas,butthedetailsarehardlyolderthan200years.ThereisalsoquiteabitmoreRomanlawinthecommonlawthanmanypeoplerealize.

Itisoftenbelievedthatlegalideasaredirectlycopiedfromonelegalsystemtotheother（aprocesscalled"

reception"

）.Thishappensonlyrarely.ThebestrecentexampleistheRussianCivilCode,whichowesmuchtoDutchandotherWesternEuropeanmodels,andhasdirectoffspringinneighboringcountriesthatwereformermembersoftheSovietUnion.

Unifiedlawistypicalofthecivillawtradition,andthatisthelawthattravelsnowadays.AnexampleisthebroadmodernizationofinternationalarbitrationlawweexperiencedinEasternEuropebasedontheUNCITRAL[UnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw]ModelLawonInternationalCommercialArbitration.Inmyview,therecent"

commonlaw"

draftingstyleusedbyUNCITRALisunlikelytobeasuccess.

Butforthemostpart,theprocessofexchanginglawsisquitesubtlethesedays.

Withindustrializationanditslateststep,theuseofcomputers,internationalbusinesstransactionshavebecomeverycomplex.Sohaveinternationalcommercialdisputes.Everydayinternationalarbitratorsseehowothersareresolvingdisputeselsewhere.Everyarbitrationisanopportunitytotrysomethingnew.Ofcourse,itsometimeshappensthatatechniqueseemstoworkinonearbitrationbutnotinthenext.Overtime,therepertoire（orbagoftricks）ofinternationalcommercialarbitratorsbecomeslarger,anditinevitablyincludesbothcivillawandcommonlawelements.ThatiswhyIsaidattheoutsetthatthereislittledifferencebetweenexperiencedcommonlawandcivillawarbitrators.

Insum,internationalcommercialarbitrationisafruitfulgroundforexperimentationintheareaofcivilprocedure.Fromtimetotime,somejurisdictionsevenlookatmethodsthathavebecomepopularininternationalcommercialarbitrationandintroducethemintodomesticlitigation,ashappenedinEnglandrecently.

Letusnowlookfirstatsomedetailsofarbitralprocedure.

InterimMeasures

Thepowertograntinterimreliefisconferredonarbitraltribunalsallovertheworld.Afewstates,forexampleItalyandFinland,denythatpowertoarbitraltribunals.Inmyview,thishaslesstodowiththecivillaw/commonlawdividethanwiththeinfluenceoflocaljudgeswhozealouslyguardtheirpowersandaredistrustfulofprivatearbitrators.

Isthereadifferencebetweencivilandcommonlawjurisdictionswithrespecttoordersforsecurityforcosts?

Bynow,noneatall.

HearingLength

Isthereadifferencewithrespecttothelengthofhearings?

Yes,thereis.

Whenmydoctortellsmetotakeaparticularpill,Idon'

tjustgoalongwilly-nilly.IaskthedoctorwhyandwhatthepillissupposedtodosoIknowwhattoexpect.Insomecultures,IbelieveinEngland,itisapparentlyrudetoaskadoctortoexplainsomething.Thisviewmayapplytootherprofessionalsaswell.Soifyouputyourselfentirelyinalawyer'

shandswithoutaskinganyquestionsandthelawfirmrunsupthetimespentonthecase,toughluckforyou.MyexperienceisthathavingEnglishlawyersonacasemeansthatitwilllastatleasttwiceaslongandwillcostatleasttwiceasmuch.SomebodytoldmetheybelieveintheRollsRoyceapproach.Addingbarristerswillbeevenmoreexpensive.

Nowadayseverybodyagreesthatarbitrationproceedingsshouldbeproactivelymanagedbythearbitraltribunal.Thedaysaregonewhenjudgesandarbitratorscouldarriveinthemorningandleaveintheeveningwithoutsayinganythingmoreduringtheentiredaythantheir"

goodmornings"

and"

goodevenings."

SomeSwedesapparentlystillbelieveinthisold-fashionedpassiveapproach,buttheyaremisledbytheiran-glophilia.

Thewaytokeephearingsshortistousethechess-clockandwitnessconferencing,bothofwhicharediscussedlater.

ArbitralPleadings

Thedaysofcommonlawnoticepleadingaregoneininternationalcommercialarbitration.Fullnarrationisrequired.

Documents

Exchangingdocumentsearlyinthearbitralproceedingmayseemtobeinfluencedbycivillawpractice,butinreality,itisaresponsetothespecificneedsofatrulyinternationalarbitration.

InLondon,wherepeoplehavetheirofficeswithineasywalkingdistanceofeachother,onecanunderstandwhythepracticeistowaittoexchangesupportingdocumentsuntilafteraddi-tionalwrittensubmissionshavebeenexchanged.Itisonlyatthattimethatthepartiesandcounselknowwhichdocumentsappearrelevantorusefulanditiseasytoexchangethemallatonce.Sometimes,thepartiesjointlyprepareacommoncorebundleofdocumentsforthetribunal.If,however,thepartiesandtheirlawyersareondifferentcontinentsandtheyhavedifferentphilosophiesabouttheimportanceofsupportingdocuments,IdonotbelievethatweshouldexpectthemtobehaveasiftheywereinLondon.Moreover,ifyouexpectthearbitratorstobeproactive,theyshouldgettheirhandsonthekeydocumentsearlyon,andifthereissomeduplicationduringlaterinformationexchanges,sobeit.Itisevenusefulforthearbitratorstohaveadoublesetofdocumentssotheycanorganizethemaccordingtotheirowncriteria（e.g.,chronologicallyorbysubject）iftheywish,whilekeepingonesetintheorderprovidedbytheproducingparty,sothattheycanfindadocumenttowhichthatpartymayreferlateron.

Thereisaverymarkeddifferencebetweencommonandcivillawcountrieswithrespecttodi