The Scarlet Letter 《红字》作品分析文档格式.docx

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The Scarlet Letter 《红字》作品分析文档格式.docx

sNature,wherehewrote,"

Ibecomeatransparenteyeball;

Iamnothing;

Iseeall;

thecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;

IampartandparcelofGod."

EventhoughHawthornewasclosetomanytranscendentalists,includingEmerson,andeventhoughhelivedforawhileatthetranscendentalistexperimentalcommunityofBrookFarm,hewasratherperipheraltothemovement.HawthorneevenpokesfunatBrookFarmandhistranscendentalistcontemporariesin"

TheCustom-House,"

referringtothemashis"

dreamybrethrenindulginginfantasticspeculation."

Wheretheysawthepossibilitiesofachievingknowledgethroughmysticalexperience,Hawthornewasfarmoreskeptical.

AbolitionismandRevolution

MoreimportanttoHawthorne'

sliteraryproductions,andparticularlyTheScarletLetter,wasabolitionismandEuropeanrevolution.These,inHawthorne'

sview,wereepisodesofthreateninginstability.Abolitionismwasthenineteenth-centurymovementtoendslaveryintheUnitedStates.Thoughitvariedinintensity,abolitionismcontainedaveryradicalstrainthathelpedtoformaclimateforJohnBrown'

scaptureofHarpersFerryin1859.(JohnBrownintendedtoestablishabaseforarmedslaveinsurrection.)TherisingintensityandviolenceofabolitionismwasanimportantcauseoftheCivilWar.Hawthorne'

sconservativepositioninrelationtoabolitionismdidnotnecessarilymeanthathewaspro-slavery,buthedidquiteclearlyopposeabolitionists,writingthatslaverywas"

oneofthoseevilswhichdivineProvidencedoesnotleavetoberemediedbyhumancontrivances."

WhatHawthornefearedwereviolentdisruptionsofthesocialorderlikethosethatwerehappeninginEuropeatthetimehewroteTheScarletLetter.ThebloodysocialupheavalthatmostinterestedAmericansbeganinFrancein1848.This,andotherrevolutionsoftheperiod,pittedthelowerandmiddleclassesagainstestablishedpowerandauthority.Whiletherevolutionseventuallyfailed,theywerelargelywagedunderthebannerofsocialism,anditwasthisfactthatcausedconcerninAmerica;

asonejournalistwrote,asquotedbyBercovitch,heretherewere"

forebodingshadows"

of"

Communism,Socialism,Pillage,Murder,Anarchy,andtheGuillotinevs.LawandOrder,FamilyandProperty."

CriticshaverecentlypointedtoHawthorne'

sguillotineimageryin"

TheCustom-House"

(whereheevensuggeststhetidle"

ThePosthumousPapersofaDecapitatedSurveyor"

forhistale)andmetaphorsofhisownvictimizationassomeevidenceofhissympathieswithregardtorevolutionandsocialorder.

ThePuritanColonies

Thenovelwaswritteninthemid-nineteenthcentury,butittakesthemid-seventeenthcenturyfortheeventsitdescribes(1642-49).TheMassachusettsBayColonywasestablishedbyJohnWinthorp(whosedeathisrepresentednearthecenterofthenovel)andotherPuritansin1630.TheysoughttoestablishanidealcommunityinAmericathatcouldactasamodelofinfluenceforwhattheysawasacorruptcivilandreligiousorderinEngland.Thissenseofmissionwasthecenteroftheirreligiousandsocialidentity.Directedtowardtherealizationofsuchanideal,thePuritansrequiredastrictmoralregulation;

anyoneintheconmmunitywhosinnedthreatenednotonlytheirsoul,buttheverypossibilityofcivilandreligiousperfectioninAmericaandinEngland.Notcoincidentally,theyearsHawthornechosetorepresentinTheScarletLetterwerethesameasthoseoftheEnglishCivilWarfoughtbetweenKingCharlesIandthePuritanParliament;

thelatterwasnaturallysupportedbytheNewEnglandcolonists.

Plotsummary

Thenoveltakesplaceduringthesummerin17th-centuryBoston,MassachusettsinaPuritanvillage.Ayoungwoman,namedHesterPrynne,hasbeenledfromthetownprisonwithherinfantdaughterinherarmsandonthebreastofhergown"

aragofscarletcloth"

that"

assumedtheshapeofaletter."

Itwastheuppercaseletter"

A"

.TheScarletLetter"

representstheactofadulterythatshehascommittedanditistobeasymbolofhersin—abadgeofshame—foralltosee.Aman,whowaselderlyandastrangertothetown,entersthecrowdandasksanotheronlookerwhat'

shappening.HerespondsbyexplainingthatHesterisbeingpunishedforadultery.Hester'

shusband,whoismucholderthanshe,andwhoserealnameisunknown,hassentheraheadtoAmericawhilstsettlingaffairsinEurope.However,herhusbanddoesnotarriveinBoston,andtheconsensusisthathehasbeenlostatsea.Itisapparentthat,whilewaitingforherhusband,Hesterhashadanaffair,leadingtothebirthofherdaughter.Shewillnotrevealherlover'

sidentity,however,andthescarletletter,alongwithhersubsequentpublicshaming,isthepunishmentforhersinandsecrecy.OnthisdayHesterisledtothetownscaffoldandharanguedbythetownfathers,butsheagainrefusestoidentifyherchild'

sfather.[2]

TheelderlyonlookerisHester'

smissinghusband,whoisnowpracticingmedicineandcallinghimselfRogerChillingworth.HesettlesinBoston,intentonrevenge.HerevealshistrueidentitytonoonebutHester,whomhehassworntosecrecy.Severalyearspass.Hestersupportsherselfbyworkingasaseamstress,andherdaughterPearlgrowsintoawillful,impishchild—inHawthorne'

swork,Pearlismoreofasymbolthananactualcharacter—andissaidtobethescarletlettercometolifeasbothHester'

sloveandherpunishment.Shunnedbythecommunity,theyliveinasmallcottageontheoutskirtsofBoston.CommunityofficialsattempttotakePearlawayfromHester,butwiththehelpofArthurDimmesdale,aneloquentminister,themotheranddaughtermanagetostaytogether.Dimmesdale,however,appearstobewastingawayandsuffersfrommysterioushearttrouble,seeminglycausedbypsychologicaldistress.Chillingworthattacheshimselftotheailingministerandeventuallymovesinwithhimsothathecanprovidehispatientwithround-the-clockcare.Chillingworthalsosuspectsthattheremaybeaconnectionbetweentheminister'

stormentsandHester'

ssecret,andhebeginstotestDimmesdaletoseewhathecanlearn.Oneafternoon,whiletheministersleeps,Chillingworthdiscoverssomethingundescribedtothereader,supposedlyan"

burnedintoDimmesdale'

schest,whichconvinceshimthathissuspicionsarecorrect.[2]

Dimmesdale'

spsychologicalanguishdeepens,andheinventsnewtorturesforhimself.Inthemeantime,Hester'

scharitabledeedsandquiethumilityhaveearnedherareprievefromthescornofthecommunity.Onenight,whenPearlisaboutsevenyearsold,sheandhermotherarereturninghomefromavisittothedeathbedofJohnWinthropwhentheyencounterDimmesdaleatopthetownscaffold,tryingtopunishhimselfforhissins.HesterandPearljoinhim,andthethreelinkhands.DimmesdalerefusesPearl'

srequestthatheacknowledgeherpubliclythenextday,andameteormarksadullred"

inthenightsky.ItisinterpretedbythetownsfolktomeanAngel,asaprominentfigureinthecommunityhaddiedthatnight,butDimmesdaleseesitasmeaningadultery.Hestercanseethattheminister'

sconditionisworsening,andsheresolvestointervene.ShegoestoChillingworthandaskshimtostopaddingtoDimmesdale'

sself-torment.Chillingworthrefuses.ShesuggeststhatshemayrevealhistrueidentitytoDimmesdale.[2]

Laterinthestory,whilewalkingthroughtheforest,thesunwouldnotshineonHester,althoughPearlcouldbaskinit.TheythenencounterDimmesdale,asheistakingawalkinthewoodsthatday.HesterinformsDimmesdaleofthetrueidentityofChillingworthandtheformerloversdecidetofleetoEurope,wheretheycanlivewithPearlasafamily.TheywilltakeashipsailingfromBostoninfourdays.Bothfeelasenseofrelease,andHesterremovesherscarletletterandletsdownherhair.Thesunimmediatelybreaksthroughthecloudsandtreestoilluminateherreleaseandjoy.Pearl,playingnearby,doesnotrecognizehermotherwithouttheletter.Sheisunnervedandexpelsashriekuntilhermotherpointsouttheletterontheground.HesterbeckonsPearltocometoher,butPearlwillnotgotohermotheruntilHesterbuttonstheletterbackontoherdress.Pearlthengoestohermother.DimmesdalegivesPearlakissontheforehead,whichPearlimmediatelytr

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