语言学试题与答案Word下载.docx

语言学试题与答案Word下载.docx

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4. 

Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience. 

5. 

Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts. 

6. 

Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer. 

7. 

Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents. 

8. 

Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality. 

9. 

“itishot.”isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument. 

10. 

Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.

11. 

S________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.

12. 

Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.

13. 

R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;

itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

14. 

Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds________.

15. 

Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh__________.

16. 

R_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.

17. 

C____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.

18. 

Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.

19. 

Ana________isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement（s）inasentence.

20. 

Accordingtothen____theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

21.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.

A.Plato

B.Bloomfield

C.GeoffreyLeech

D.Firth

22.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.

A.theconceptualistview

B.contexutalism

C.thenamingtheory

D.behaviorism

23.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?

A. 

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

B. 

Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.

C. 

Senseisabstractandde-contextualized.

D. 

Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.

24.“CanIborrowyourbike?

”_______“Youhaveabike.”

A.issynonymouswith

B.isinconsistentwith

C.entails

D.presupposes

25.___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.

A.Predicationanalysis

B.Componentialanalysis

C.Phonemicanalysis

D.Grammaticalanalysis

26.“alive”and“dead”are______________.

A.gradableantonyms

B.relationalopposites

C.complementaryantonyms

D.Noneoftheabove

27._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

A.Reference

B.Concept

C.Semantics

D.Sense 

28.___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.

A.Polysemy

B.Synonymy

C.Homonymy

D.Hyponymy

29.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.

A.homonyms

B.polysemy

C.hyponyms

D.synonyms

30. 

Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.

A.grammaticalrules

B.selectionalrestrictions

C.semanticrules

D.semanticfeatures

IV.Definethefollowingterms.

31. 

semantics

32. 

sense

33. 

reference

34. 

synonymy

35. 

polysemy

36. 

homonymy

37. 

homophones

38. 

Homographs

39. 

completehomonyms

40. 

hyponymy

41. 

antonymy

42. 

componentialanalysis

43. 

grammaticalmeaning

44. 

predication

45. 

Argument

46. 

predicate

47. 

Two-placepredication

V.Answerthefollowingquestions.

48. 

Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents?

49. 

Whatiscomponentialanalysis?

Illustrateitwithexamples.

50. 

Howdoyoudistinguishbetweenentailmentandpresuppositionintermsoftruthvalues?

51. 

Howdoyouaccountforsuchsenserelationsbetweensentencesassynonymousrelation,inconsistentrelationintermsoftruthvalues?

52. 

Accordingtothewaysynonymsdiffer,howmanygroupscanweclassifysynonymsinto?

Illustratethemwithexamples.

53. 

Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?

Howtheydiffer?

①可以节约能源；

②减少对环境的污染；

③降低成本。

SuggestedAnswers

l.F

2.F

3.T

4.F

5.T

6.T

7.F

8.T

9.T

10.T

Semantics

direct

Reference

synonyms

homophones

Relational

Componential

selectional

argument

naming

2l.A

22.B

23.D

24.D

25.B

26.C

27.A

28.C

29.D

30.A

31.Semantics:

Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

32.Sense:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;

itisabstractandde-contextualized.

33.Reference:

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;

itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience

34.Synonymy:

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.

35.Polysemy:

Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.

36.Homonymy:

Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

37.Homophones:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarecalledhomophones.

38.Homographs:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.

39.Completehomonyms:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecalledcompletehomonyms.

40.Hyponymy:

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.

41.Antonymy:

Antonymyreferstotherelationofoppositenessofmeaning.

42.Componentialanalysis:

Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewordmeaning.Itwasproposedbystructuralsemanticists.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents,whicharecalledsemanticfeatures.

43.Thegrammaticalmeaning:

Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality,i.e.itsgrammaticalwell-formedness.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedbythegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage.

44.Predication:

Thepredicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.

45.Argument:

Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication.Itisgenerallyidenticalwiththenominalelement（s）inasentence.

46.Predicate:

Apredicateissomethingthatissaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.

47.Two-placepredication:

Atwo-placepredicationisonewhichcontainstwoarguments.

48. 

Themeaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponentsbecauseitcannotbeworkedoutbyaddingupallthemeaningsofitsconstituentwords.Forexample:

（A）Thedogbittheman.

（B）Themanbitthedog.

Ifthemeaningofasentencewerethesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents,thentheabovetwosentenceswouldhavethesamemeaning.Infacttheyaredifferentinmeanings.

Asweknow,therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:

grammaticalmeaningandsemanticmeaning.Thegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in（A）aredifferentfromthegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in（B）.T