Nervous SystemWord文档下载推荐.docx

Nervous SystemWord文档下载推荐.docx

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definetheterms 

ventricles 

and 

centralcanal 

（intheCNS）;

classifyneuronsaccordingtotheirfunction;

classifyneuronsaccordingtotheirstructure,drawinganillustrationofeach.

II.TheSpinalCordandBrain

outlinethemajordivisionsofthenervoussystem;

discusshowtheorgansofthecentralnervoussystem（CNS）areprotectedintermsofbones,membranesandfluid;

discusstheexternalstructureofthespinalcordintermsofitslength,start,end,numberofsegments,andenlargedareas;

nametheterminalpointofthespinalcord,thetermusedforhowtheremainingspinalnervesappear,andthepointatwhichtheyterminate;

fullydiscussthecross-sectionalanatomyofthespinalcord;

distinguishbetweena"

horn"

anda"

column"

inthespinalcord;

explainwhichportionofthespinalcordisthelocationforthemajornervetracts,anddiscusstheirsignificance;

compareandcontrastascendinganddescendingtracts;

discussthegeneralcharacteristicsofnervetracts;

discussthefeatureslocatedontheperipheryofthespinalcordincross-section;

definethetermganglionanddiscussthespecificitiesofadorsalrootganglion.

Youshouldbeableto:

nameandlocatethethreemajorregionsofthebrainanddescribehowthebrainisprotected;

discussthestructureofthecerebrumintermsofitssize,twomajordivisions,surfaceappearance,majorgrooves,andlobaldivisions;

identifythecompositionofthebulkofthecerebrum;

definethetermcerebralcortex,gyri,fissuresandsulciofthecerebrum;

anddiscussitscompositionandsignificance;

comparethemajorfunctionalareas（sensoryandmotor）ofthecerebralcortexintermsoflocationandfunction（adiagrammayhelphere）;

explainwhatismeantbyanassociationareaofthecerebralcortexandnameafewassociationtraits;

explainwhatismeantbyhemispheredominance,andnamethehemispherethatisdominantinmostpeople;

definethetermbasalgangliaandexplaintheirlocationandfunction;

discussthetwoimportantareasofgraymatterwithinthediencephalon,intermsoflocationandfunction;

identifythethreemajorpartsofthebrainstem;

discussthemidbrainintermsofitslocation,compositionandfunction;

discusstheimportanceofthemedulla（oblongata）;

brieflyexplainthesignificanceofthelimbicsystemandreticularformation;

locatethecerebellumonadiagram,anddiscussitsstructureandfunction.

III.TheSpinalNervesandCranialNerves

describehowspinalnervesareconnectedtothespinalcord;

discussthecharacteristicsofspinalnervesintermsofnumber,coverings,andcomposition;

discusshowaspinalnerveisdistributed;

definethetermnerveplexusanddescribetheanatomicalimportanceofaplexus;

namethefourmajornerveplexusesandbrieflydiscusstheareasthateachinnervates.

definetheterm“cranialnerve,”andidentifythetwelvepairsofcranialnervesbyname,number,andfunctions;

discussthegeneralstructureofanerve;

distinguishbetweenamixed,sensory,andmotornerve;

namethetwelvepairsofcranialnerves,designatethembyromannumeral,discusstheirfunction,anddesignatethemassensory,motor,ormixed.

comparethestructuralandfunctionalcharacteristicsofthesomaticandautonomicnervoussystems;

comparethelengthofapreganglionicandpostganglionicneuroninthesympatheticandparasympatheticdivisionoftheANS;

definethetermganglion,andcomparethelocationofsympatheticandparasympatheticganglia;

explainwhysympatheticgangliaarecalledchainganglia;

comparetheoriginofasympatheticpreganglionicneuronwithaparasympatheticpreganglionicneuron;

describethestructuresaroundthespinalcord（i.e.dorsalroot,ventralroot,spinalnerve,whiteramuscommunicans,grayramuscommunicans,paravertebral（chain）ganglia,andprevertebralganglia.）.

IV.NervousPathwayandMeningesofBrainandSpinalCord,andtheCerebrospinalFluid

definethetermnervepathway;

listanddiscussthecomponentsinareflexarc;

discussthesignificanceofreflexarcs;

describethemajorcharacteristicsofthesomaticsensorypathwaysandsomaticmotorpathways;

fullydiscussthethree-foldfunctionofthenervoussystem;

inthefirstsentence,namethethreefunctionsofthenervoussystem;

thenwriteaparagraphdiscussinghowandwhereanerveimpulsebeginsandnamethecomponentsofanervepathway;

thendrawasimplenervepathwaythatinvolvesthreeneurons（withcellpartslabeled）,finallyfullydiscusshowthenerveimpulsebegins,howittravelsthrougheachneuron,howitistransmittedbetweenneurons,andfinally,howittransmittedtotheeffector;

comparethelocationsandfunctionsofthedirectandindirectmotorpathways.

namethethreemeningesanddiscussthedifferencesbetweenhowtheyarestructuredaroundthebrainandspinalcord;

namethespacethatliesbetweentwoofthemeningessurroundingboththebrainandspinalcord,andnamethefluidthatfillsthisspace;

nametheadditionalspacethatisfoundaroundthespinalcord,andnamethefluidthatfillsthisspace;

namethecellsthatlinethecentralcanalandidentifythefluidthatfillsthecentralcanal;

explaintheformation,circulation,andfunctionsofcerebrospinalfluid（CSF）;

nametheinterconnectedcavitieswithinthecerebrumandbrainstemandidentifythefluidthatfillsthesespacesandnamethecellsthatlinethesespaces;

namethespecializedcapillariesthatsecreteCSFanddenotetheirlocationonadiagram;

traceadropofCSFfromwhereitissecretedtowhereitisreabsorbedbackintothebloodstream;

definethetermsarachnoidgranulationsandduralsinuses;

discussthefunctionsofCSF.

KeyWordsandTopics

Makecertainthatyoucandefine,anduseincontext,eachofthetermslistedbelow,andthatyouunderstandthesignificanceofeachoftheconcepts,structuresandfunctionsofthenervoussystem

Brain;

Cranialnerves;

Nerve;

Spinalcord;

Spinalnerves;

Ganglion（pluralisganglia）;

Sensoryreceptor;

Sensoryorafferentneuron;

Interneuron（alsocalledassociationneuron）;

Motorneuronorefferentneuron;

Effector. 

Organization:

A.centralnervoussystem（CNS）:

brainandspinalcord

B.peripheralnervoussystem（PNS）:

somaticnervoussystem,autonomicnervoussystem（PNS）-sympatheticdivision,parasympatheticdivision

Histology:

A.partsofaneuron:

cellbody,dendrite,axon,synapse,synapticvesicle,neurotransmitter.

B.structuraldiversity:

multipolarneuron,bipolarneuron,unipolarneuron. 

C.neurogliaorglia:

astrocytes,oligodendrocytes,myelinsheath,myelinated,microglia,ependymalcells,Schwanncells,satellitecells,nodesofRanvier. 

D.whitematter

E.graymatter:

nucleus

Electricalsignals

A.signaltransmissionatsynapses:

presynapticneuron,postsynapticneuron,chemicalsynapse-synapticcleft,transmissionofsignalsatachemicalsynapse.

Neuralcircuits

Makecertainthatyoucandefine,anduseincontext,eachofthetermslistedbelow,andthatyouunderstandthesignificanceofeachoftheconcepts.

PartOne

Spinalcordanatomy

A.externalanatomyofthespinalcord:

conusmedullaris,filumterminale,caudaequine, 

spinalnerve（posteriorordorsalroot-posteriorordorsalrootganglionandanteriororventralroot）. 

B.internalanatomyofthespinalcord:

anteriormedianfissure,posteriormediansulcus,greycommissure（centralcanal）,nuclei,anterior（ventral）grayhorn,posterior（dorsal）grayhorn,lateralgrayhorn,anterior（ventral）whitecolumn,posterior（dorsal）whitecolumn,lateralwhitecolumn,tract,sensory（ascending）tract,motor（descending）tract.

Reflex:

spinalreflex,cranialreflex,somaticreflex,autonomicreflexorvisceralreflex. 

Reflexarc:

sensoryreceptor（stimulus）,sensoryneuron,integratingcentre（monosynapticreflexarc,polysynapticreflexarc）,motorneuron（effector）. 

PartTwo

Principalpartsofthebrain:

brainstem,cerebellum,diencephalons,cerebrum.

Brainstem

A.medullaoblongata:

pyramids,decussationofpyramids,cardiovascularcentre,medullaryrhythmicityareaoftherespiratorycentre.

B.pons:

C.midbrainormesencephalon

Cerebellum:

transversefissure,vermis,cerebellarhemispheres,cerebellarcortex,folia.

Diencephalon:

thalamus,hypothalamus,pinealgland-melatonin. 

Cerebrum:

cerebralcortex,gyrusorconvolution（pluralisgyri）, 

fissure 

（sulcusorpluralissulci,longitudinalfissure,cerebralhemispheres,corpuscallosum,centralsulcus,frontallobe,parietallobe,precentralgyrus,postcentralgyrus,lateralcerebralsulcus,temporallobe,parieto-occipitalsulcus,occipitallobe,insula,cerebralwhitematter-associationtracts,commissuraltracts,projectiontracts,basalganglia,limbicsyste