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LoveinthePavilionVsLoveintheBalcony
---DuLiniang’sVsJuliet’sLoveJourney
(如果有副标题,则用小2号TimesNewRoman字体加粗)
姓名
张莉
院系
现代文理学院
专业
英语教育
3号黑体
班级
3号楷体
2008级01班
学号
成绩
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正文用小四号TimesNewRoman,2倍行距。
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ThePeonyPavilionbyTangXianZuandRomeoandJulietbyWilliamShakespearearetwoextraordinarilysignificantworksaboutfeverishloveoneasternandwesterndramastages.Thetwogreatcontemporarydramatists,wholivedinvastlydifferentculturesofeastandwest,presentedtheirrespectivemasterpiecesalmostatthesameperiod(ThePeonyPavilionin1598,andRomeoandJulietin1596),whichsharedsimilarthemesoftheheroandtheheroine’spursuinggenuineloverelentlessly,eventothesacrificeofdeath.Furtherstudymayhelprevealmoredetaileddifferencesonthehistoricalbackgroundandcreatingbeliefs.Followingthetwofemaleprotagonists’lovejourney,thispaperattemptstorevealthesimilaritiesofseemingly-coincidentschemeandthentracethereasonswhichcausethedifferencesofthetwoworks.
I.Thebackgroundofthetwoworks.
ThePeonyPavilionwaswritteninanerawhenChinawasgoingthrougharigid,repressivestyleofNeo-ConfucianismknownasDaoxue,whichemphasizedproperoutwarddisplaysofbehaviorandritualsintheMiddleandLaterMingDynasty.TangXianzu,alearnedscholar,feltdismayedandsuffocatedwiththesociety,heresignedfromthecourtofficialandthendevotedtotheliteraryworks.
Meanwhileinwesterncountry,EuropeansocietywasgoingthroughtheRenaissance,arevolutionarymovementofadvocacyofhumanism.Shakespearefavoredthefreedomoflove,andthestabilityofsociety,turnedagainstthefamilyfeudandfelthatredforthefeudalaristocracywhichwasaconstantthreattoastablesocialstructure.RomeoandJuliet’spowerofyouthfullovecelebratesthecapacityoflovetoconquerossifiedsocialconventions.Itsfinaltragicendingofthedeathseemstobetheonlyescapetoendfeudofthetwofamiliesinthatsociety.
Inbothtexts,thedeathsofthetwoheroines,botharefromrichandpowerfulofficialfamily,resultfromlovesickness.Theirbehaviorsareregardedasindependentandsomewhatrebellious,giventhecontextinwhichtheplaywaswritten.Thetwobeautifuladolescentssufferfrompaindeeplyintheirlovejourney,andfinallydietouchinglyoflovesickness.
II.DuLiniang’sLoveJourneyVsJuliet’sLoveJourney
A.Sproutingoflove.
书名或作品名用斜体。
InThePeonyPavilion,DuLiniang’sachingforloveisarousedfirstlybytheancientpoemfromtheBookofOdesaboutnaturalemotionbetweenoppositesexes.Shecannotbearthefeudalethicsanymore,soshestealsoutoftheboudoirandintothefamilygardenforavisit.AndherlovesicknessisderivedfromherdreaminwhichsheencountersthehandsomeLiuMengmei,whoalsogetsmagicdreaminwhichheisforetold,“Mr.Liu,onlywhenyoumeetmewillyouobtainloveandrank”byalady.(Tang4)Thesettingofthisencounterblursthelinebetweenmemoryanddream,alsoitconveysthemessagethatloveandfateisoftenpredestined,whichmaybecommonintheliteraryworksofLaterMingandQingDynastyandcouldbesupportedbyanotherlovestoryofLinDaiyuandJiaBaoyu’sfirstmeetinginDreamofRedMansionbyCaoXueqin.
Awakeningfromherdream,Liniangbecomeslovesickandrestlessfortheunattainableloveinreality,for“he[LiuMengmei]hadcomewithoutasignanddisappearedwithoutatrace.”(Tang75).ShepleadswithHeavenandlaterlaments,“Ilookedupatthesky,pityandsorrowstainedmyeyes.Whoknowswhatsentimentsaheartcanhold?
Whoknowswhattearscouldhavestealthilyflowed?
”(76)ThisimageassociatingherlifewithperishingpetalsalsosignifiesthatherlifeisdriftingawaybecauseofherloveforMengmei.ThisplotmaybeinconceivableforreadersofdifferentcultureandagetoacceptLiniang’sailmentoftheheartwhichleadstoherdeathresultedfromsuchimaginingreasons.YetwhatTangXianzusaidinhisprefacetoThePeonyPavilionrevealsloveandpassionbetweentheloversaresomewhatunexplainable.
“Loveisofcourseunknown,yetitgrowseverdeeper.Thelivingmaydieofit,byitspowerthedeadliveagain.Loveisnotloveatitsfullestifonewholivesitisunwillingtodieforit,orifitcannotrestoretolifeonewhohassodied.Andmustthelovethatcomesinadreamnecessarilybeunreal?
Forthereisnolackofdreamloversinthisworld.Onlyforthosewhoselovemustbefulfilledonthepillowandforwhomaffectiondeepensonlyafterretirementfromoffice,isitentirelyacorporealmatter….”
BotheastandwesthavetheirownlegendsaboutthegodorgoddessofLove.InChinesemythologytherearestoriesabout“theold-man-under-the–moon”whotiesnewbornboysandgirlsdestinedtobemarriedwitharedsilkthread.InRomanmythology,Cupidusesanarrowtoshoottheheartsoflovers.RomeoandJulie’sloveisrepresentedasasuddenmagicspell,Cupid'
sarrowstriking,sinceithappenstobothsimultaneously!
Romeoisshocked,stunnedandbewilderedbyJuliet’sbeautyatthefirstsight.SimilarlyJulietisoverwhelminglyattractedtoRomeoasifbyaseeminglymagneticforce.Theirimmenseaffectionforeachotherpoursoutlikeatorrentofwaterinstunninglanguage.LoveinRomeoandJulietisadivinemadness,bothawoundandablessinginwhichnohumanactofchoicewasinvolved.RomeoandJulietfallinloveinvoluntarilyasthoughaforcedrawsthemtogether.Inthebalconyscenewherethecouplemakecleartheirbreast,Julietexpressesherconcern,struggleandpain,“ORomeo,Romeo,whereforeartthouRomeo?
Denythyfatherandrefusethyname.Orifthouwiltnot,bebutswornmylove,AndI’llnolongerbeaCapulet.”(Shakespeare60)Forthefeudbetweenthetwofamilies,whichmaymakeloveunattainable,Julietalsoexperienceslovesickness.
InthePrologue,ShakespearementionsthatthetaleofRomeo’sandJuliet’slovestorywillbefilledwithtribulations,painsanddisasters,evenbea“death-mark’dlove”(31),partlybecauseoftherathermagicalandinexplicablypowerfulmomentoftheirfirstmeetingatthemasqueradeball.
B.
Fidelitytolove
InThePeonyPavilionthepredestinedloveandmarriagebetweenLiniangandMengmei’sissooverwhelmingandpowerfulthatLiniangwoulddieforit,yetloveisnotonlyareasonforherdeath,butitisalsoforherresurrection.Afterherdeath,LiniangpassesintotheghostworldandappearsbeforetheNetherJudgeHu.AndbecauseofherbeautyJudgeevenwantstomakeherhisconcubine.EventhoughJudgehasthepowertoburnher,sliceher,grindher,orturnherintothelowestlifeform,sherefusesandthenrevealsthatsheisalwayslongingforlovefromayoungscholarMengmei.TheJudgesaysofheraffectionforMengmeiisa“flagrantdisregardofmaidenlyvirtues”(Tang160),andconfrontsherwiththefactthatherparentsdonotapproveoftheman,orevenknowhim.ObviouslyLiniang’spursuingforlovedoesnotconformtotheacceptedpracticesofthesociety,inwhichagirl’smarriagewasdecidedbyparents’orderandonamatch-maker’swords.Andfeudalethics,especiallychastity,strangledwomenphysicallyandspiritually.Alsowomenweresupposedtobesubmissive.Livinginsuchafeudalsociety,theheroine,Li-niangwasdoomedtosuffertheoppressionofthefeudalethics.Yetshepresentsherselfasastrongwomanwhoactivelypursuesthemanshelovesandrevealsherrebelliousaspectcharacter.
C.Resultoflove
Thetwolovestoriesintheeastandwestdohavesimilarstartingandtotallydifferentending.Oneleadstoahappyreunionandtheotherresultsinheart-brokendeath.
ThusdyingforloveinthetwonearlycontemporarytextsispresentedviadifferentapproachesinWesternandEasternmethodologyworld.AsZeitlinsays,“ConditionedbyWesternnotionsofmimesis,weareaccustomedtothinkofliteratureasanimitationoflife.ThecorrespondingancientChineseviewwouldberatherthatliteratureoriginatesinthehumanhearttomakearesponsetoexternalthings.”(LiQing-jun)ThisexplainsRomeoandJulietandThePeonyPavilionbelongtotwodistinctgenres.
III.Conclusion
Loveisan“eternalsubject”inliteraryworksandhasbeencelebratedbyculturesallovertheworld.ShakespeareandTangXian-zutaketheirownwaystoshowsympathyfortheyoungpeopleinloveandmadeaboldexposureofthecrimecommittedbythefeudalsociety,tocelebratebeautifullovethroughwhichtheyexpressedtheirpoliticalpointofview.What’smore,thetwofemaleprotagonists’couragetopursueloveisgreatlydepictedandglorifiedtoinspireandtouchreaders’heartstrings.Shiftingoureyesfromthepasttothepresent,fromtheliteraturefabricationtotherealworld,wefeelrelievedforthepresentyoungpeoplewhocanshakeoffthefeudalchainsandenjoythefreedomandhappinessoflove,butmeanwhilewecannothelpfeelingconcernedthatsomemaygotoanotherextremeandtakecasualattitudestowardloveandsex.Maybethat’swhythetwogreatworksarestillworthdiscussingtoday.Goingthroughthetimeandspace,theyarealwaystheretoevokethenoblevirtueandlovefromtheheartofpeople,tosublimatethevalueandsignificanceoflove,toguidepeopletoknowaboutthemselvesandthesurroundingsociety,andtoliveaworthylife.
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WorksCited
TangXian-zu.ThePeonyPavilionTrans.ZhangGuang-qianTourismEducationPr