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▌Objectives

Afterworkingthroughthisunit,youshouldbeableto:

●conceptualizeenhancingsocialfunctioningasthegoalofsocialwork;

●identifythebuildingblocksoftheconceptofsocialfunctioning;

●recognizetheimportanceofconvertingbroadergoalsintomorespecificgoals;

and

●identifythethreefunctions-namelyremedial,preventive,anddevelopmentalfunctions-ofsocialwork.

Introduction

Youmayhaverealizedfromitshistoricaldevelopmentthattherehasbeenmuchdiversityasthesocialworkprofessionhasevolved.Somesocialworkersidentifiedthemselvesascaseworkers,whileothersidentifiedthemselvesasgroupworkersorcommunityworkers.Werethesepractitionersofthesameprofession?

Whatwastheircommonbaseofpracticeiftheywereofthesameprofession?

Throughout,peopleinthefieldtriedtoconsolidatethegoalofthisprofession,andthiseffortisbestrepresentedbyBarlett'

sTheCommonBaseofSocialWorkPractice（1970）.

LEARNINGACTIVITY

1

Beforeyouproceed,putdownwhatinyouropinionthegoalofsocialworkis.

Youmayhaveputdowndescriptionsasgeneralas"

helpingpeopletohelpthemselves"

or"

advancingsocialjustice"

orasspecificas"

organizingrecreationalandeducationalactivitiesforpeople"

organizingpeopletofightfortheirowninterests"

.Whateveryouwrotedown,youaremostprobablyrightindescribingpartofthegoalorsomeoftheactivitiesintendedtoachievethegoalofsocialwork.However,isthereageneralizationwhichcanhelpustohaveacoherentunderstandingofalltheseseeminglydiscretegoalsandactivities?

"

Socialfunctioning"

istheconceptwhichhasdevelopedtoarticulatethegoalofsocialwork.

Enhancingsocialfunctioningasthegoalofsocialwork

Insimpleterms,thegoal.ofsocialworkistoenhancethesocialfunctioningofpeople."

referstothewayindividualsorcollectives（families,associations,communities,andsoon）behaveinordertocarry.outtheirlifetasksandmeettheirneedsintheirenvironmentorlifesituationsandmeettheirneedsintheirenvironmentoflifesituations.hisimpliesthattheprimaryconcernofsocialworkersisthefunctioningofpeopleinrelationtotheirsocialenvironment.Peoplecanfunctionatdifferentlevelsofsocialfunctioning.Thelevelof"

socialfunctioningofanindividualdependsonhisabilitytocopewithlife'

sdemandsandtosatisfyhisneedsinhisenvironment.Forinstance,youareenjoyinggoodsocialfunctioningwhenyoucancopewiihthedemandsfromdifferentlifesituationssuchasbeingastudent,amemberofthefamily,andafriendofyourpeers.Beingabletocopewithdemandsmeansthatyouareleadingasatisfyinglifewhichisrelativelyfreeofdistress.Ontheotherhand,poorsocialfunctioningindifferentlifesituationswillcreatedistress.Manypeoplewhoseekouthelpcanbedescribedassufferingsocialdysfunctioning.Foramorethoroughunderstandingoftheconceptofsocialfunctioning,wehavetofurther

explorelifetasks,needs,andtheenvironment,whicharethebuildingblocksofsocialfunctioning.

Lifetasks

Thesearethecriticalanddemandingsituationsthatconfrontpeoplethroughtheirlifetransitionsandenvironmentalchanges.Whataresomeofthelifetransitionsandenvironmentalchangeswearereferringto?

Lifetransitionsaremostevidentwhenpeopletakeupnewroleswhichproducenewsocialexpectationsofthem.Fromthedevelopmentalperspective,therearemanylifetransitionsasapersongrowsup.Forinstance,babieshavetolearntocontroltheirtoiletbehaviours.Intheirearlychildhood,childrenhavetolearntomanipulateobjects,towalk,andtotalk.Whentheyenterschool,theyhavetoadapttotheacademicdemands,discipline,andsociallifeinschool.Failureinanyaspectwillcausedistresstothechildrenthemselvesortothepeoplearoundthem.Then,whentheybecomeold,theyoftenhavetoadjusttopoorhealth,tochangeslikeretirement,thedeathofaspouse,oreventheirownimpendingdeath.Alongthisdevelopmentalpath,thereareanumberoflifetransitionsanddifferentlifetaskswillemergeatdifferentstages.Yourothercoresubject,"

HumanGrowthandDevelopmentI"

willequipyoumorewiththisknowledge."

Environmentalchanges"

referstochangesofboththesocialandphysicalenvironments.Movingtoanewtownwhereyouarefarawayfromyourformersocialcircleandworkplace,beingsackedbecauseofeconomicrecession,orchangingtoanewjobareallexamplesofenvironmentalchangeswhichcanbedemandingandstressfulanddisturbyoursocialfunctioning.Withtheselifetransitionsandenvironmentalchanges,newdemandsontheabilityofpeopletocopewiththechangeswillemerge.Notalllifetransitionsorchangescausedistress,assomemaynotbeverydemandingorthepeopleconcernedmayhavetheabilitytomasterthesituations.Criticalchangesinlifebringaboutstressbuttheyalsoprovidepotentialforgrowth.Onlywhenpeoplefailtocopewiththechangesortomaketheenvironmentlessdemandingwillstressordistressbegeneratedandthusaffecttheirsocialfunctioning.

2

Whataresomeofthelifetasksthatarerequiredofyouatyourstageoflife?

Listtheminthespaceprovided.

AsstudentsintheDiplomaforSocialWorkcourse,youmayfacesimilarlifetasksasyourclassmates,butsometasksareuniqueasyoumaycomefromratherdifferentbackgroundsandbeconfrontedwithdifferentsituations.Allofyouhavetofaceacademicdemandslikewritingtermpapers,attendingseminars,andsittingforexaminations.Moreover,unlikeclassesinsecondaryschool,thiscoursedemandsmoreactiveparticipationlikeseminarpresentationsandself-learningbyworkingthroughthislearningpackage.StudentswhoareweakinEnglishmayfinditdifficulttoreadsomanymaterialsinEnglish.Youmayhavewantedtoregisterinothercoursesbutfailed,andnowyouhavetofacethefrustrationandreadjustyourpersonalplan.Marriedmaturestudentsmayfaceconflictingdemandsaswivesormothers,husbandsorfathers,andatthesametimeasstudents.Doyoufindyourselfcopingwellwithalltheseenvironmentaldemands?

Ofcourse,thelifetasksrequiredbybeingastudentarenottheonlyonesthatyouarefacing.

Needs

Itisimpossibleforapersontoleadasatisfyinglifewithoutreasonablefulfilmentofneeds.The,pointwewanttomakeisthatsatisfactionofone'

sneedsiscrucialforsatisfactorysocialfunctioning.Socialworkisbasicallyaresponsetoneed.TheearlyconcernofsocialworkactivitiesinHongKongwastosatisfythephysiologicalneedsofthepeople,aspovertywasthegreatestsocialproblematthattime.Bynow,socialworkisaddressingthediverseneedsofpeople,whethertheyarepsychological,social,orevenspiritual.Whentheirneedsarenotsatisfied,peoplebecomedisturbed.Somepeoplemayfeelsad,threatened,orfrustrated,whileothersmayadoptineffectiveorevensociallyunacceptablewaysofsatisfyingtheirneeds.Forinstance,somepeopleseekasenseofsecurityorincreasedself-esteembyfightingandsubduingothers,orbystealinginfrontoftheirpeers.Forillustration,wewillciteMaslow'

shierarchyofneedsasexamplesofsomeofthebasicneeds,butwewillnotexaminehistheoryindepth.ThefollowingarethefivebasichumanneedspostulatedbyMaslow:

Physiologicalneeds

Theseneedsaredirectlyrelatedtosurvival.Theyincludefood,water,oxygen,andrest.

Safetyneeds

Peoplewillfeelsecureandfreefromdangerwhentheseneedsaremet.Theseneedsincludephysicalsecurity,stability,order,anddependency.

Belongingnessandloveneeds

Theseareneedsforaffiliationandaffection.Peopleseekaffiliationtosocialgroupslikefriendsandfamily.Whentheneedsofbelongingnessandlove

arenotsatisfied,peoplewillbeupsetbyfeelingslikeostracism,rejection,friendlessness,androotlessness.

Esteemneeds

Theseneedscanbedifferentiatedintoself-esteemandesteemfromothers.Theformerinvolvesdesiresforcompetency,mastery,andachievementforself.Thelatterincludesdesiressuchasrecognition,appreciation,andreputationfromothers.

Self.-actualizationneeds

Theseneedsaredefinedasthedesiretobecomewhatoneidiosyncraticallyis,tobecomeeverythingthatoneiscapableofbecoming.Forexample,peoplearemotivatedtoenrichtheirownlivesbyrealizingalltheirpotential,bybeingspontaneousandactingcreatively.

UsethefollowingcharttoreflectonyourownlevelofneedfulfillmentaccordingtoMasiow'

sscheme.Bycompletingthisexercise,youmaylearnsomethingaboutyoursocialfunctioningintermsofneedssatisfaction.Inthedescriptionbox,putdownafewstatementstodescribeyourstateofneedsatisfactioninthatneedcategory.Forsatisfactionrating,youcanfollowthisscale:

1=totallyunsatisfied;

2=generallyunsatisfied;

3=slightlyunsatisfied;

4=sl