Leonardo da VinciWord文档格式.docx
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TheLastSupper"
andthe"
MonaLisa."
Andhissciencewasasimpressiveashisart.Anengineerandarchitect,daVinciinventedthehelicopter400yearsbeforetherewassuchathingasacombustionengine.
Manyofhisinventionsarestillusedtodayinoneformoranother,suchasthehygrometer,thetransmissiondrive,theball-bearingaxleandthemachinegun.
ButtherewasnodaVincicode.Sorry.Getoverit.
Leonardowasbornin1452,nearTuscanyinItaly,thebastardsonofalocalnobleman.Hewasreportedlyanartisticprodigy,whowasallowedtoporethroughhisfather'
slibrary(althoughhewasneverrecognizedasalegitimateoffspring).Asachild,hewasfascinatedbyart,anatomyandnature.
Atthetenderageof14,daVincitraveledtothebigcity,Florence,wherehebecameanapprenticetoaverysuccessfulartistofthedaynamedAndreadelVerrocchio,whoisbestrememberedforsuchclassicworksas...well,OK,he'
sbestrememberedforhavingLeonardoasanapprentice.Thejudgmentsofhistoryarecoldandheartless.
delVerrocchiohadanumberoftalentedstudentswho"
assisted"
himinpaintinghismostsuccessfulworks,inthecustomoftheday.LeonardospenthisdaysandnightshangingoutwithVerricchio,hisfellowapprenticesandotherluminariesoftheFlorenceartscene.
Now,youmaybethinkingthat"
teenageboyinthebigcityliveswithgrown-upartists"
soundsabitfishy,butitwasaperfectlyacceptablesituationwithinthehistoricalcontext.
Theperfectlyacceptablesocialcontextdidn'
tstopdaVincifromturningoutcompletelyqueer,ofcourse.FlorencewasverymuchtheSanFranciscoofitsday;
atthetime,theGermanwordforhomosexualliterallytranslatedas"
Florentine."
Atage24,daVinciwasformallychargedwithsodomy,althoughnothingevercameofit.Thecharge,thatis.
In1477,Verrochiomadeapaintingtitled"
TheBaptismofChrist,"
aprojectwhichLeonardoassistedbypaintinganangelonthefarleftofthepicture.Althoughit'
snotimmediatelyapparenttotheuntrainedeye(oreventothetrainedeye),theangelillustrationwassodazzlinglygreatthatitmadetherestofthepaintinglooklikeapieceoftotalcrap.
Accordingtolegend,Verrocchiosworehewouldneverpaintagain,sohumiliatedwashebyhisstudent'
ssuperiortalent.Apparentlyunawareofthelegend,Verrocchioappearstohavecontinuedpaintingafter1477(or,moreaccurately,hecontinuedtosignhisnameonthepaintingsmadebyhisstudents),buthedidrefocushisworkonsculptureastheyearswenton.
Ontheheelsofthisfabulous(ifslightlyapocryphal)triumph,daVincisetouttomakehisownwayintheworld.Hisfirstmajorcommissionwasapaintingforanearbymonastery."
TheAdorationoftheMagi"
wasasepia-tonedpanelthatwasneverquitefinishedbutisstillconsideredgreat.Withmomentumonhissideandthepublichumiliationoftheaforementionedsodomychargenippingathisheels,daVincidecideditwastimetomoveonuptoMilan,wherethelocaldukeofferedhimapatronage.
Duringhis17yearsinMilan,daVincimadenumeroussketchesandafewreallyamazingpaintings,includinghismostfamouswork,"
TheLastSupper."
"
isoneofthosethings.Orrather,it'
soneofthosethings,thosestrangeartifactsofculture(likeShakespeare'
sHamlet)thatswellbeyondtheirphysicalboundstobecomeaswirlingobjectofobsessivedeconstructionthroughtheages.
Onthefaceofit,"
isjustoneofabouteleventy-zillionpaintingdepictingJesusChristandhisApostlesenjoyingtheirlastbigshindigbeforethecenturionsarrivefortheopeningactoftheCrucifixion.Admittedly,it'
saprettygoodversionofthetableaux,andit'
sanunusuallybigoneat29feetwide,paintedonthewallofaMilaneseconvent.Leonardopainted"
overthecourseofthreeyears,workingatthebehestofhispatron,theDukeofMilan.
Artistically,"
isexceptional--andforseveralhundredyears,thatwasallanyonehadtosayabout,exceptfor"
It'
snotholdingupverywell,isit?
"
Thepaintingwasmadeusinganexperimentalnewtechnique,whichwasunfortunatelynotverydurable.Numerousrestorationshavebeenattemptedoverthecenturies,withvaryingdegreesofsuccess.
AfterLeo'
sdeath,"
becametheobjectofabizarre20thcenturyfetishcultthatbelievestherearesecretmessageshiddenineverysquareinchofwall.Atfirsttheprovinceofobscurescholarsandauthors,thesetheoriesslowlyballoonedintothepubliceye,culminatinginthepublicationofTheDaVinciCode,a2003best-sellerthatliftedelementsfromadozenancientconspiracytheories,includingtalesoftheKnightsTemplar,theCathars,andtheHolyGrail.
Thetheorypropoundedbythebook--thatJesusdidn'
tdieonthecross,butinfactsurvivedtofatheralineofFrenchkings--isnotterriblyoutrageous,butit'
salsonotproven.Themajorplotpointofthe"
code"
isbasedonanalysisofthepainting'
stiniestdetails,whichhappentoloomratherlargewhenyouviewthepictureatitsoriginal27-footwidth.
TheconnectionbetweendaVinciandtheJesusbloodlinewasfirstoutlinedinthebookHolyBlood,HolyGrail,whoseauthorshavesuedthepublisherofThedaVinciCodeforplagiarism.Accordingtotheauthors,LeonardowastheGrandMasterofasecretsocietyprotectingthesecretofJesus'
escapefromthecross.ApopularvariationonthetheoryproposesthatLeonardomayhavebeenresponsibleforforgingtheShroudofTurin,althoughthehistoricalevidenceforthatclaimisassketchyasanyotherpartofthismassoftheories.
WhiletheJesusbloodlinetheoryisactuallyprettyinteresting,andnotcompletelyoutsidetherealmofpossibility,thedaVincipartofthepremiseistheweakestfromaneducatedperspective.VirtuallynoonewithashredofcredibilitybelievesTheLastSupperisLeonardo'
scodedmessagefrombeyondthegraveaboutthepaternityofChrist.(Thenagain,duringLeonardo'
slife,virtuallynoonewithashredofcredibility
believedtheearthwasround,either.)
Anyway,afterseveralsuccessfulyearsinMilan,daVincireturnedintriumphtoFlorence,wherehewashailedasaconqueringartistichero.LeotradeduptheDukeofMilanforanewpatron,CesarBorgia,thesonofPopeAlexanderVI.
WhiledaVincicontinuedtoworkhisartisticmagic,Borgiawasn'
tinterestedinprettypicturessomuchashewasinwarandstrategy.daVinci,whohadalwaysbeenadabblerinscienceandengineering,wasteamedwithNiccolMachiavelli,wholivedinFlorenceatthetime,toexecuteanelaborateplanforbuildingastrategiccanalsystem.Theplanwasabust,butMacchiavellianddaVinciremainedfriends.
AhighlightofdaVinci'
ssecondstintinFlorencewasamuch-anticipated"
paintbattle"
inwhichdaVinciandMichelangeloweretocreatemuralsonfacingwallsinacityplaza.Thebattleroyaleendedinano-contest.Bothartistswerenotoriousfornotfinishingtheirworks,andtheyliveduptotheirrespectivereputations.
Duringthisperiod,daVincifinishedhisotherenduringmasterpiece,"
LaGioconda"
--"
thejoyfulone"
orasitisknowninEnglish,the"
MonaLisa"
.Thesedays,it'
stakenasanestablishedfactthattheMonaLisa'
sexpressionholdssomesortofsecret,thatshewearsanenigmaticsmile.Thisinterpretationofthepainting,however,isfairlyrecent,firstbeingmadebyarthistorianWalterPaterin1873.InhisbookThe
Rennaisance,Paterwrotethefollowingpurplepassageonthepainting:
is,inthetruestsense,Leonardo'
smasterpiece.[...]Weallknowthefaceandhandsofthefigure,setinitsmarblechair,inthatcircleoffantasticrocks,asinsomefaintlightundersea.[...]Thepresencethatrosethussostrangelybesidethewaters,isexpressiveofwhatinthewaysofathousandyearsmenhadcometodesire.Hersistheheaduponwhichall"
theendsoftheworldarecome,"
andtheeyelidsarealittleweary.Itisabeautywroughtoutfromwithinupontheflesh,thedeposit,littlecellbycell,ofstrangethoughtsandfantasticreveriesandexquisitepassions.SetitforamomentbesideoneofthosewhiteGreekgoddessesorbeautifulwomenofantiquity,andhowwouldtheybetroubledbythisbeauty,intowhichthesoulwithallitsmaladieshaspassed!
Allthethoughtsandexperienceoftheworldhaveetchedandmouldedthere,inthatwhichtheyhaveofpowertorefineandmakeexpressivetheoutwardform,theanimalismofGreece,thelustofRome,themysticismofthemiddleagewithitsspiritualambitionandimaginativeloves,thereturnofthePaganworld,thesinsoftheBorgias.Sheisolderthantherocksamongwhichshesits;
likethevampire,shehasbeendeadmanytimes,andlearnedthesecretsofthegrave;
andhasbeenadiverindeepseas,andkeepstheirfallendayabouther;
andtraffickedforstrangewebswithEasternmerchants;
and,asLeda,wasthemotherofHelenofTroy,and,asSaintAnne,themotherofMary;
andallthishasbeentoherbutasthesoundoflyresandflutes,andlivesonlyinthedelicacywithwhichithasmouldedthechanginglineaments,andtingedtheeyelidsandthehands.
Asthe15thcenturygavewaytothe16th,daVincifoundhimselfincreasinglyinterestedinscience,tothedetrimentofhispaintingcareer.Whilehestillsketchedandtookcommissions,Leobegantofocusonsuchdisciplinesasmathematics,architecture,engineering,geology,botany,hydraulicsandanato