Leonardo da VinciWord文档格式.docx

Leonardo da VinciWord文档格式.docx

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TheLastSupper"

andthe"

MonaLisa."

Andhissciencewasasimpressiveashisart.Anengineerandarchitect,daVinciinventedthehelicopter400yearsbeforetherewassuchathingasacombustionengine.

Manyofhisinventionsarestillusedtodayinoneformoranother,suchasthehygrometer,thetransmissiondrive,theball-bearingaxleandthemachinegun.

ButtherewasnodaVincicode.Sorry.Getoverit.

Leonardowasbornin1452,nearTuscanyinItaly,thebastardsonofalocalnobleman.Hewasreportedlyanartisticprodigy,whowasallowedtoporethroughhisfather'

slibrary（althoughhewasneverrecognizedasalegitimateoffspring）.Asachild,hewasfascinatedbyart,anatomyandnature.

Atthetenderageof14,daVincitraveledtothebigcity,Florence,wherehebecameanapprenticetoaverysuccessfulartistofthedaynamedAndreadelVerrocchio,whoisbestrememberedforsuchclassicworksas...well,OK,he'

sbestrememberedforhavingLeonardoasanapprentice.Thejudgmentsofhistoryarecoldandheartless.

delVerrocchiohadanumberoftalentedstudentswho"

assisted"

himinpaintinghismostsuccessfulworks,inthecustomoftheday.LeonardospenthisdaysandnightshangingoutwithVerricchio,hisfellowapprenticesandotherluminariesoftheFlorenceartscene.

Now,youmaybethinkingthat"

teenageboyinthebigcityliveswithgrown-upartists"

soundsabitfishy,butitwasaperfectlyacceptablesituationwithinthehistoricalcontext.

Theperfectlyacceptablesocialcontextdidn'

tstopdaVincifromturningoutcompletelyqueer,ofcourse.FlorencewasverymuchtheSanFranciscoofitsday;

atthetime,theGermanwordforhomosexualliterallytranslatedas"

Florentine."

Atage24,daVinciwasformallychargedwithsodomy,althoughnothingevercameofit.Thecharge,thatis.

In1477,Verrochiomadeapaintingtitled"

TheBaptismofChrist,"

aprojectwhichLeonardoassistedbypaintinganangelonthefarleftofthepicture.Althoughit'

snotimmediatelyapparenttotheuntrainedeye（oreventothetrainedeye）,theangelillustrationwassodazzlinglygreatthatitmadetherestofthepaintinglooklikeapieceoftotalcrap.

Accordingtolegend,Verrocchiosworehewouldneverpaintagain,sohumiliatedwashebyhisstudent'

ssuperiortalent.Apparentlyunawareofthelegend,Verrocchioappearstohavecontinuedpaintingafter1477（or,moreaccurately,hecontinuedtosignhisnameonthepaintingsmadebyhisstudents）,buthedidrefocushisworkonsculptureastheyearswenton.

Ontheheelsofthisfabulous（ifslightlyapocryphal）triumph,daVincisetouttomakehisownwayintheworld.Hisfirstmajorcommissionwasapaintingforanearbymonastery."

TheAdorationoftheMagi"

wasasepia-tonedpanelthatwasneverquitefinishedbutisstillconsideredgreat.Withmomentumonhissideandthepublichumiliationoftheaforementionedsodomychargenippingathisheels,daVincidecideditwastimetomoveonuptoMilan,wherethelocaldukeofferedhimapatronage.

Duringhis17yearsinMilan,daVincimadenumeroussketchesandafewreallyamazingpaintings,includinghismostfamouswork,"

TheLastSupper."

"

isoneofthosethings.Orrather,it'

soneofthosethings,thosestrangeartifactsofculture（likeShakespeare'

sHamlet）thatswellbeyondtheirphysicalboundstobecomeaswirlingobjectofobsessivedeconstructionthroughtheages.

Onthefaceofit,"

isjustoneofabouteleventy-zillionpaintingdepictingJesusChristandhisApostlesenjoyingtheirlastbigshindigbeforethecenturionsarrivefortheopeningactoftheCrucifixion.Admittedly,it'

saprettygoodversionofthetableaux,andit'

sanunusuallybigoneat29feetwide,paintedonthewallofaMilaneseconvent.Leonardopainted"

overthecourseofthreeyears,workingatthebehestofhispatron,theDukeofMilan.

Artistically,"

isexceptional--andforseveralhundredyears,thatwasallanyonehadtosayabout,exceptfor"

It'

snotholdingupverywell,isit?

"

Thepaintingwasmadeusinganexperimentalnewtechnique,whichwasunfortunatelynotverydurable.Numerousrestorationshavebeenattemptedoverthecenturies,withvaryingdegreesofsuccess.

AfterLeo'

sdeath,"

becametheobjectofabizarre20thcenturyfetishcultthatbelievestherearesecretmessageshiddenineverysquareinchofwall.Atfirsttheprovinceofobscurescholarsandauthors,thesetheoriesslowlyballoonedintothepubliceye,culminatinginthepublicationofTheDaVinciCode,a2003best-sellerthatliftedelementsfromadozenancientconspiracytheories,includingtalesoftheKnightsTemplar,theCathars,andtheHolyGrail.

Thetheorypropoundedbythebook--thatJesusdidn'

tdieonthecross,butinfactsurvivedtofatheralineofFrenchkings--isnotterriblyoutrageous,butit'

salsonotproven.Themajorplotpointofthe"

code"

isbasedonanalysisofthepainting'

stiniestdetails,whichhappentoloomratherlargewhenyouviewthepictureatitsoriginal27-footwidth.

TheconnectionbetweendaVinciandtheJesusbloodlinewasfirstoutlinedinthebookHolyBlood,HolyGrail,whoseauthorshavesuedthepublisherofThedaVinciCodeforplagiarism.Accordingtotheauthors,LeonardowastheGrandMasterofasecretsocietyprotectingthesecretofJesus'

escapefromthecross.ApopularvariationonthetheoryproposesthatLeonardomayhavebeenresponsibleforforgingtheShroudofTurin,althoughthehistoricalevidenceforthatclaimisassketchyasanyotherpartofthismassoftheories.

WhiletheJesusbloodlinetheoryisactuallyprettyinteresting,andnotcompletelyoutsidetherealmofpossibility,thedaVincipartofthepremiseistheweakestfromaneducatedperspective.VirtuallynoonewithashredofcredibilitybelievesTheLastSupperisLeonardo'

scodedmessagefrombeyondthegraveaboutthepaternityofChrist.（Thenagain,duringLeonardo'

slife,virtuallynoonewithashredofcredibility

believedtheearthwasround,either.）

Anyway,afterseveralsuccessfulyearsinMilan,daVincireturnedintriumphtoFlorence,wherehewashailedasaconqueringartistichero.LeotradeduptheDukeofMilanforanewpatron,CesarBorgia,thesonofPopeAlexanderVI.

WhiledaVincicontinuedtoworkhisartisticmagic,Borgiawasn'

tinterestedinprettypicturessomuchashewasinwarandstrategy.daVinci,whohadalwaysbeenadabblerinscienceandengineering,wasteamedwithNiccolMachiavelli,wholivedinFlorenceatthetime,toexecuteanelaborateplanforbuildingastrategiccanalsystem.Theplanwasabust,butMacchiavellianddaVinciremainedfriends.

AhighlightofdaVinci'

ssecondstintinFlorencewasamuch-anticipated"

paintbattle"

inwhichdaVinciandMichelangeloweretocreatemuralsonfacingwallsinacityplaza.Thebattleroyaleendedinano-contest.Bothartistswerenotoriousfornotfinishingtheirworks,andtheyliveduptotheirrespectivereputations.

Duringthisperiod,daVincifinishedhisotherenduringmasterpiece,"

LaGioconda"

--"

thejoyfulone"

orasitisknowninEnglish,the"

MonaLisa"

.Thesedays,it'

stakenasanestablishedfactthattheMonaLisa'

sexpressionholdssomesortofsecret,thatshewearsanenigmaticsmile.Thisinterpretationofthepainting,however,isfairlyrecent,firstbeingmadebyarthistorianWalterPaterin1873.InhisbookThe

Rennaisance,Paterwrotethefollowingpurplepassageonthepainting:

is,inthetruestsense,Leonardo'

smasterpiece.[...]Weallknowthefaceandhandsofthefigure,setinitsmarblechair,inthatcircleoffantasticrocks,asinsomefaintlightundersea.[...]Thepresencethatrosethussostrangelybesidethewaters,isexpressiveofwhatinthewaysofathousandyearsmenhadcometodesire.Hersistheheaduponwhichall"

theendsoftheworldarecome,"

andtheeyelidsarealittleweary.Itisabeautywroughtoutfromwithinupontheflesh,thedeposit,littlecellbycell,ofstrangethoughtsandfantasticreveriesandexquisitepassions.SetitforamomentbesideoneofthosewhiteGreekgoddessesorbeautifulwomenofantiquity,andhowwouldtheybetroubledbythisbeauty,intowhichthesoulwithallitsmaladieshaspassed!

Allthethoughtsandexperienceoftheworldhaveetchedandmouldedthere,inthatwhichtheyhaveofpowertorefineandmakeexpressivetheoutwardform,theanimalismofGreece,thelustofRome,themysticismofthemiddleagewithitsspiritualambitionandimaginativeloves,thereturnofthePaganworld,thesinsoftheBorgias.Sheisolderthantherocksamongwhichshesits;

likethevampire,shehasbeendeadmanytimes,andlearnedthesecretsofthegrave;

andhasbeenadiverindeepseas,andkeepstheirfallendayabouther;

andtraffickedforstrangewebswithEasternmerchants;

and,asLeda,wasthemotherofHelenofTroy,and,asSaintAnne,themotherofMary;

andallthishasbeentoherbutasthesoundoflyresandflutes,andlivesonlyinthedelicacywithwhichithasmouldedthechanginglineaments,andtingedtheeyelidsandthehands.

Asthe15thcenturygavewaytothe16th,daVincifoundhimselfincreasinglyinterestedinscience,tothedetrimentofhispaintingcareer.Whilehestillsketchedandtookcommissions,Leobegantofocusonsuchdisciplinesasmathematics,architecture,engineering,geology,botany,hydraulicsandanato