英语词汇学资料续Word格式.docx

英语词汇学资料续Word格式.docx

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aconceptionthattheconnectionbetweennameandsenseisnotarbitrary,butcanbeexplained,orismotivated.

Typesofmotivation

1）OnomatopoeicMotivation:

ducks（quack）,frogs（croak）,lions（roar）,wolves（howl）

2）MorphologicalMotivation:

landlord,leader

3）SemanticMotivation

thePentagon

thefootofthemountain

ThepathtoNovemberwasuphillalltheway.

4）EtymologicalMotivation

Itreferstothemotivationconnectedtotheoriginoftheword.

5.3TypesofMeaning（p.103）

DenotationandConnotation

▪“Rose”denotes“aflower”,butconnotes“love”.

▪“Lion”denotes“ananimal”,butconnotes“bravery”.

ConceptualandAssociativeMeaning

Contextandwordmeaning

Literalmeaning----themeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary.

Contextual（Actual）meaning----themeaningofwordusedinacertaincontext.Theroleofcontextinthedeterminationofmeaning:

1）Emotive（affective）meaning.

2）Meaning-area.Onlythecontextcandeterminetheextensionofthewordinanysituation.Manasopposedtoanimalcoversthewholeof“mankind”:

asopposedtowomanonlyonehalfofit.

3）Shifts.Onlythecontextcantellwhetherhealthyismeantas“havinggoodhealth”oras“conducivetohealth”.

4）Ambiguity.

Lexicalambiguity:

▪Thebatwasfoundintheattic.

▪Themandecidedtowaitbythebank.

Syntacticambiguity:

▪Oldmenandwomentookpartintheparade.

▪visitingrelativescanbeanuisance.

▪Marymadeherdresscorrectly.

5）Homonyms.

Thesheepwereinthepen.

Ileftmypenonthedesk.

Summary

Wordmeaning----1）grammaticalmeaning

2）lexicalmeaning

Thewordformsgo,goes,went,gone,possessdifferentgrammaticalmeaningoftense,buthavethesamelexicalmeaning.

Lexicalmeaning----a）conceptualmeaning

b）associativemeaning.

Leech’sclassificationofwords’meaning

1.Conceptualmeaning（denotativemeaning;

cognitivemeaning）（概念义）Itisthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary,andthefirstcomponentofthelexicalmeaningwhichmakescommunicationpossible,forwordshaveessentiallythesameconceptualmeaningforallspeakersofthatlanguage.

child;

woman;

tiger;

operation（手术;

操作;

经商;

作战;

运算）

2.Associative（connotative）meaning（联想/内涵义）

Woman:

（Anyway,sheisawoman.）

frail,pronetotears,emotional,inconstant…

gentle,compassionate,hard-working,sympathetic…

Achildisachild.

traditional;

home;

thelostlamb

Moreexamples:

old（andwornout）blue（anddown-hearted）

long（andtiresome）heavy（anddull）

green（andinexperienced）rough（anduncultured）

sweet（andlovely）slippery（andunreliable）

plain（andtasteless）deep（andlearned）

3.Social（Stylistic）meaning（社会/文体义）

Itisthatwhichapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstanceofits

use.

domicile（veryformal）;

residence（formal）;

abode（poetic）;

home（general）;

cast（literary,biblical）;

throw（general）;

chuck（casual,slang）

•Theychunkedastoneatthecops,andthendidabunkwiththeloot.

•Aftercastingastoneatthepolice,theyabscondedwiththemoney.

4.Affectivemeaning（情感义）

Itreferstothatcomponentofmeaningwhichexpressesthespeaker‟semotion:

appreciativeneutralpejorative

slimthinskinny

famouswell-knownnotorious

innovativenewnewfangled

intercedeinterveneinterfere

•Youareavicioustyrantandavillainousreprobate.

•Janeisanangelofagirl.

5.Collocativemeaning（搭配义）consistsoftheassociationsawordacquireson

accountofthemeaningofwordswhichtendtooccurinitsenvironment:

6.Reflectivemeaning（反映义）

AnexampleofWaterCloset

W.C.;

toilet;

lavatory;

washroom;

bathroom;

Men‟sroom;

Gentleman‟s

Women‟sroom;

powderroom

•LastnightIwenttovisitJohntwice.

•---“IwonderifIcangosomewhere?

”

---“Yes,youcangoanywhereinChina.”

7.Semanticmeaning（主题义）

ChapterSixSenseRelations

6.1Polysemy

Itisusedofawordhavingtwoormorecloselyrelatedmeanings（apluralityof

meaning）.

Diachronicapproachtopolysemy

understoodasthegrowthanddevelopmentor,ingeneral,achangeinthe

semanticstructureoftheword.

e.g.table:

1）apieceoffurniture;

2）thepersonsseatedatatable（tokeepthetableamused;

Thewholetablegot

excitedatthenews.）;

3）（sing.only）thefoodputonatable,meals（tokeepagood,poortable）;

4）aflatslabofstoneorwoodusedforinscriptions;

5）wordscutintoitorwrittenonit（thetentables）;

6）anorderlyarrangementoffacts,figures,etc.（tableofcontents）;

7）partofmachinetoolonwhichtheworkisputtobeoperatedon;

8）alevelarea,aplateau.

Synchronicapproachtopolysemy

understoodasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordatacertainhistoricalperiodofthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage.

Twoprocessesleadtopolysemy:

1.Radiation:

asemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecenterandsecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerays.Eachofthemisindependentofalltherestandmaybetracedbacktothecentralsignification.Forexample:

head

Centralmeaning:

thetoppartofabody

1）topofanything:

the~ofawalkingstick;

2）thehighestoruppermostpartofathing:

the~ofabed;

3）thetopormostimportantend:

the~ofthetable（queue）;

4）achieforleader;

~ofstate（ofadelegation）;

5）headsortails（ofcoin）;

6）thesourceofastream,spring:

the~oftheriver;

7）thehydraulicsense:

twentymeters~ofwaters;

8）aunitofmeasurement:

countheads,fourdollarsahead,tenheadofcattle;

9）themainpoints:

theheadsofthediscourse;

10）mentalpower:

useyour~.

2.Concatenation:

（连锁联结）

thesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsignificationbysuccessiveshiftsofmeaninguntil，inmanycases,thereisnotashadowofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadinitattheoutset.

Cheater---（fromlateMiddleEnglish）其原意为“anofficerwhoattendedtoescheats”即，看管领主的土地的官吏。

后因这种人常常损公肥私成为不老实的人,现在作“骗子”解。

此义与原义已失去联系。

candidate---ofLatinoringincandidatus（white-robed），meaningapersondressedinwhite，后用来指“穿白衣的谋求公职的人”（awhite-robedseekerforoffice）。

这与古罗马的风俗有关，当时凡候选人参加选举时均需穿上白衣。

随着语言的发展，“穿白衣的”的原始意义丧失，只保留“候选人”（aseekerforoffice）一义。

显然，此义与原义已经分离。

6.2Homonymy

Homonymsarewordsdifferentinmeaningandeitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinspellingorsound.

ClassificationofEnglishhomonyms

1）Perfect（Absolute）homonyms

wordsidenticalbothinsoundandinspellingbutdifferentinmeaning.long（extended,notshort）,long（todesire,yearn）;

yard（anenclosedspace）,yard（aunitofmeasure）

base（基础）,base（卑鄙的）;

bark（树皮）,bark（狗吠）;

ball（球）,ball（舞会）;

seal（海豹）,seal（印章）;

match（比赛）,match（火柴）

2）Homographs----wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning:

bow（鞠躬）,bow（弓箭）;

lead（引领）,lead（铅）;

wind（风）,wind（绕）;

sewer（排水管）,sewer（缝纫者）

3）Homophones----wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning:

air,heir;

ore,oar;

son,sun;

pair,pear;

sight,sitecite;

scent,cent,sent;

some,sum;

piece,peace;

see,sea.

4）Homoforms----wordsquitedifferentinmeaningbutidenticalinsomeoftheirgrammaticalforms:

bound:

pastandpastperfectofbind

tobound（tojump）;

bound（n.=limit）;

bound（adj.=readytostart）.南京市长江大桥欢迎您

“象样”的打折！

Polysemyandhomonymy

Polysemyisanaturalsequenceofsenseshiftundergonebywordsindifferentcontext.Incaseofhomonymythedifferentmeaningsofwordsaremutuallyindependent,andthereisnoconnectionbetweensuchwords,thoughtheyhavethesamepronunciationand/orspelling.

6.3Synonyms（p.123）

Hemisplacedhiswallet.（suitcase?

）

Hemislaidhiswallet.（suitcase?

1.Definitionofsynonyms（cf.p.123,p.124）

TwoormorewordsoftheEnglishlanguage,belongingtothesamepartofspeechandpossessingoneormoreidenticalornearlyidenticaldenotationalmeaningsinterchangeableatleastinsomecontexts,butdifferentinsoundform,spelling,shadesofmeaning,connotationsandidiomaticuse.

2.Typesofsynonyms（P.124）

1）absolute（exact,complete,perfect）synonyms

2）relative（partial,near,loose）synonyms

Relativesynonymsdenotedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality;

beautiful---good-looking---handsome---pretty;

big---large---huge---tremendous---colossal;