完全版英语词汇学名词解释文档格式.docx

完全版英语词汇学名词解释文档格式.docx

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第四章formation2

1.Affixation---affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.

2.Prefixation---istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.

Suffixation---istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.

3.Compounding（Compositon）--istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.

4.Conversion--istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.

5.Blending--istheformationofnewwordsbycombinedbypartsoftwowordsorawordplusaplusapartofanotherword.

6.Clipping-istheformationofnewwordsbyshorteningalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremaininstead.

7.Acronymy--istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.

8.Back-formation--isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedaffix.E.g.editorenteredthelanguagebeforeedit.

第五章meaning

1.Reference---therelationshipbetween 

language 

and 

the 

world.

2.Concept 

---whichbeyondlanguage,is 

result 

of 

human 

cognition,reflectingthe

objective 

world 

in 

mind. 

3.Sense– 

denotes 

relationship 

inside 

language. 

4.Motivation--accountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.

5.OnomatopoeicMotivation--Thesewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.

6.MorphologicalMotivation--Compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.

7.SemanticMotivation--referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.

8.EtymologicalMotivation--Thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword

9.Grammatical 

meaning 

– 

refer 

to 

that 

part 

word 

which 

indicates 

grammatical 

concept 

or 

relationships.

10.Lexical 

meaning--is 

constant 

all 

words 

within 

without 

context 

related 

notion 

conveys.

11.Conceptual 

（denotative 

meaning） 

given 

dictionary 

forms 

core 

word-meaning

12.Associative 

secondary 

supplemented 

conceptual 

meaning. 

It 

is 

open-ended 

indeterminate 

13.Connotative 

---the 

overtones 

association 

suggested 

by 

meaning

14.Stylistic 

stylistic 

features 

make 

appropriate 

for 

different 

contexts. 

15. 

Affective 

speaker’s 

attitude 

towards 

person 

thing 

question. 

第六章SenseRelationsandsemanticField

23.Abbreviationincludesfourtypes:

I.ClippedwordsII.InitialismsIII.Acronyms

I.

II.Initialisms--arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedasletters.E.g.IMF/aiemef/=InternationalMonetaryFund.

III.

IV.Blends--arewordsthatarecombinedbypartsofotherword

12.OpaqueWords--Wordsthatareformedbyonecontentmorphemeonlyandcannotbeanalysedintopartsarecalledopaquewords,suchasaxe,glove.

13.TransparentWords--Wordsthatconsistofmorethanonemorphemesandcanbesegmentedintopartsarecalledtransparentwords:

workable（work+able）,door-man（door+man）.

14.Morphs--Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.

15.Allomorps--Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.Forinstance,themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incats/s/,inbags/z/,inmatch/iz/.

16.DerivationorAffixation--Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation.

17.Polysemy—thewordwithmorethanonesensesorwhichcanbeusedtoexpressmoremeaning.

18.Diachronicapproach–Diachronically，polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Thisfirstmeaningistheprimarymeaning.Withtheadvanceoftimeandthedevelopmentoflanguage，ittookonmoreandmoremeanings.Theselattermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings.

19.Synchronicapproach–synchronically，polysemyisviewedasthecoexistentofvariousmeaningofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.Thebasicmeaningofawordisthecoreofwordmeaning.Thecoreofwordmeaningcalledthecentralmeaning（secondarymeaning）.

20.Radiation–asemanticprocesswhichshowsthattheprimarymeaningstandsatthecenterandeachofthederivedmeaningsproceedoutofineverydirectionlikerays.

21.Concatenation–meaning“linkingtogether”，isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntil，inmanycases，thereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichtheternhadatthebegining.

22.Homonyms——aregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.

23.PerfectHomonyms——arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling，butdifferentinmeaning.

24.Homographs——arewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.

25.Homophones（mostcommon）——arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.

26.Synonyms—arewordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.

27.AbsoluteSynonyms——arewords，whichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects，i.e.bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning，includingconceptualandassociativemeanings.

28.Relativesynonyms——aresimilarornearlythesameindenotationbutembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.

29.Antonyms——arewordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.

　　TypesofAntonyms（accordingtothesemanticopposition）

　　1）Contradictoryterms–theseantonymsaretrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning.Theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem.Theyassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother.

　　2）Contraryterms——ascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.

　　3）Relativeterms–consistofrelationaloppositeness.Thepairsofwordsindicatesuchasocialrelationshipthatoneofthemcannotbeusedwithoutsuggestingtheother，thetypeisalsoreverseterms.Thetwowordsofeachpairinterdependent.

.Hyponymy——dealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis，themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.

Thesespecificwordsareknownashyponyms（下义词）.Forinstance，tulipandrosearehyponymsofflower.Thegeneralwordfloweristhesuperordinateterm（上义词）andthespecificonestulipandrosearethesubordinateterms（下义词）.

第七章changesinwordmeaning

1.Extension（generalization）——Itisaprocessbywhichawordwithaspecializedsenseisgeneralizedtocoverabroaderorlessdefiniteconcept.

2.Narrowing（specialization）——Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense.

3.Elevationoramelioration——referstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.

4.Degradationorpejorationofmeaning——Itisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscometobeusedinderogatorysense.

5.Transfer——Itisaprocessbywhichaworddenotingonethingchangestorefertodifferentbutrelatedthing.

第八章context

　　Theextra-linguisticcontextmayextendtoembracetheentireculturebackground.

　　Linguisticcontextcanbesubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext

LexicalContext–referstothewordsoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.

Grammaticalcontext–Themeaningsofawordmaybeinflectedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.

第九章：

idioms

1.Idiom—idiomsconsistofsetphrasesandshortsentences，whicharepeculiartothelanguageinquestionandloadedwiththenativeculturesandideas.

　2.Characteristicsofidioms

　　a.Semanticunity-Idiomseachconsistofmorethanonewor