SIGMUND FREUDFREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYSISWord文档格式.docx

SIGMUND FREUDFREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYSISWord文档格式.docx

《SIGMUND FREUDFREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYSISWord文档格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《SIGMUND FREUDFREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYSISWord文档格式.docx（19页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Freud'

searlyworkinpsychologyandpsychoanalysisendeavoredtounderstandandcurethehumanmindbymeansofhypnosis.Freud'

sinitialexposuretohypnosisinaclinicalsettingwasoverthewinterof1885-1886,whenhestudiedinPariswithJean-MartinCharcot,arenownedFrenchprofessorofneurology.Charcot'

sworkcenteredonthecausesofhysteria,adisorderwhichcouldcauseparalysisandextremefits.Hesoondiscoveredthatthesymptomsofhysteriacouldbeinducedinnonhystericsbyhypnoticsuggestionandthatthesymptomsofhystericscouldbealleviatedortransformedbyhypnoticsuggestion.Thisrancontrarytothethen-prevalentbeliefthathysteriahadphysiologicalcauses;

itsuggestedthatadeeper,unseenlevelofconsciousnesscouldaffectanindividual'

sconsciousconduct.

In1886FreudstartedaclinicalpracticeinneuropsychologyatBerggasse.Heusedthisconsultingroomforalmostfiftyyears.AboutthesametimeFreudbegananotherassociationwithaViennesephysiciannamedJosefBreuer.In1893Breuerhadpresentedapapertitled'

StudiesinHysteria.'

InessenceBreuerstatedthatforgottentraumas,painfulincidentsthathadleftapsychologicalscar,wereresponsibleforwhatwasatthattimecalledhysteria.Itwas,Breuerwrote,theundischargedemotionalenergyassociatedwiththeseforgottentraumasthatweretherootcauseofhysteria.Usinghypnotictechniques,Breuerhelpedsomepatientstore-enact,andthusrecall,theoriginaltraumaticincident,andintegrateitintolong-termmemory.Indoingsotheemotionalchargewasreleased.Thisemotionallyintensetransferofamemoryfromtheunconscioustotheconsciousisknownascatharsisorabreaction-aneffectivemethodwhichseemstocorroborateFreud'

stheoriesontheunconsciousmind.

Freudadoptedthispracticeatfirstbutitwasnotuntilhebeganallowinghispatientstofreelyassociateideaswithwhatevercametomind,thathereallyexploredspontaneousabreaction.Heabandonedhypnosisinfavorofconsciouspsychoanalysis,firstwiththetechniqueoffreeassociation,theneventuallywithhiswell-knowntechniqueofobservational,couch-basedpsychoanalysis.

Freudhimselfsufferedboutsofdeepanxiety,anditwaspartlythisthatledhimtoexploretheconnectionbetweenassociationofideasanddreams.Freudnoticedthatpatientswouldoftenfindaconnectionbetweenthedirectionoftheirassociationsandadreamtheyhadexperienced.Heaidedhispatientstouncoverandfollowbothobviousandhiddenassociationsandemotionsconnectedwiththedreamoccurrences.Freudwasabletomakethebreakthroughintoseeingtheconnectionswithsexualfeelings,withearlychildhoodtrauma,andwiththesubtletiesofthehumanpsyche.

ForFreud,dreamsweretheroyalroadtotheunconscious.Hebegantoanalyzedreamsinordertounderstandaspectsofpersonalityastheyrelatetopathology. 

Hebelievedthatbehaviorwasnotachanceoccurrence;

everyactionandthoughtismotivatedbytheunconscious 

atsomelevel.In 

ordertoliveinacivilizedsociety,peoplehaveatendencytohold 

back 

theirurgesandrepresstheirimpulses.However,theseurgesandimpulsesmustbereleasedinsomeway;

theyhaveawayofcomingtothesurfaceindisguisedform:

onewaytheyarereleasedisthroughdreams.Freuddiscoveredthattheelementsinasubject'

sdreamtendtobeparticularlyclosetorepressedunconsciouscontentandthatfreeassociationsstartingfromthosedreamelementsquicklyencountertopicscausingemotionalarousalastheunconsciousisstimulated,followedbyresistancetothosefeelings.HerevolutionizedthestudyofdreamswithhisworkTheInterpretationOfDreams.

Whileofuniquehistoricalinterest,manyofFreud'

sideashavefallenoutoffavororhavebeenmodifiedbyNeo-Freudians,althoughatthecloseofthe20thcentury,advancesinthefieldofneurologybegantoshowevidenceformanyofhistheories,andthetheoryofEgodefensemechanismshasreceivedempiricalvalidation.Freud'

smethodsandideasremainimportantinclinicalpsychodynamicapproaches.

RecentexperimentsindicatethataGSRMeterwillrespondtocertainitems（people,things,situations,statements）inaperson'

sdreams,indicatingtheseareemotionallycharged,eventhoughthepersonmaynotnormallybeconsciousofsuchareaction.ThisprovidessomevalidationofFreud'

sideasondreaminterpretation.Jung'

sfirstcontactwithFreudwastosendhimacopyofhisworkonwordassociationusingaprimitivepsychogalvanometer.

Note:

Inalargerhistoricalcontext,FreudrespondedtotheriseofirrationalpoliticalforcesinEuropethatappealedtounconscious,uncontrolled,andultimatelydestructivementalforcesthateventuallydominatedthemiddleofthetwentiethcenturyinEurope.Freudwishedtodeviseamethodthatwouldbringtheunconsciousunderthecontroloftherationalconscious.Othertrendswithindepthpsychology,art,andpoliticssoughtquiteonthecontrarytoreleasetheunconsciouspowers,dreams,andnightmaresandallowthemtodominatetheconscious.

Asaresultofhisclinicalexperience,Freuddevelopedamodelofthehumanpersonalitywhichhasstoodthetestoftime.ManyofthetermsFreudintroduced,suchasEgo,Superego,theIdandtheUnconsciousarethereforestillusedincontemporarypsychology.MindDevelopmentusesmanyofthesetermstodescribepersonalitystructures,hencethefollowingpaper.

sbasicconceptwasaconstructofthehumanpsycheasanorderlyprogressionthroughthedevelopmentalstagesofchildhoodtofinalmaturationinadultlife.

Asapracticingneurologist,hewasmuchinvolvedwiththe'

hysteric'

typesprevalentinViennesesocietyatthattime,theturnofthecentury.Hisscientifictraining,backedupbypenetratinginsightandgenius,compelledhimtoseekcausesandtohim,mentaldisturbancesseemedtohavetheirrootsinearlychildhoodincidents.InFreud'

sday,EuropeansocietywasstillsmartingfrombeingtoppledfromitsthroneatthecenteroftheuniversebyCopernicusandDarwin.NowFreudwasimplyingthatMan'

sgodlikeintellectwas"

nomoredesignedtodiscoveringtruththanaPig'

ssnout"

（HGWells）.Freud'

sassaultupontheinnocenceofchildhoodcausedafurorewhichhasnotdieddowneventoday.

TheStructureofthePersonality

sorientationwasbiological,anaturalresultofhismedicaltrainingandoftheperiodinwhichhebeganhiswork.Hisconceptionoftheindividualwasasareservoirofdynamicenergy,continuouslyseekingameansofdischargeandinturncontinuouslyneedingreplenishment.ThisveritablestorehouseofenergyhecalledtheLibido,thegeneticallyinherentenergyempoweringthelifeinstinct.Theinstinctualdrivetowardssurvivalandreplacementofenergyrequirestranslationintomorespecifictermssuchas'

food,love,security'

etc.

Instinctsdriveanddirectbehavior,thegoalofwhichisthesatisfactionofneedsderivedfromtheinstincts.Needscreatetension,andbehaviorisdirectedtowardsreductionofthistension.ThisconceptofneedsiscalledthePleasurePrinciple,theattempttokeepexcitationortensionaslowaspossible.Inpracticethisisthedesireforimmediategratification.FreudascribedtheappropriatedirectionalfunctioningtowhathetermedtheId,whichincludedothergeneticallyinherentfeatures,suchastheimpulsetoloveandtoseekgratification.TheIdstrivestobringaboutthesatisfactionofinstinctualneedsonthebasisofthepleasureprinciple.TheIdrepresentstheinnerworldthathasnoknowledgeofobjectivereality.Itspsychicprocessesareprimaryprocesses-undirectedattemptsatimmediatesatisfaction.Itisnotgovernedbylogic;

itcontainscontradictoryyetco-existentimpulses.Itistheindividual'

sprimarysubjectiverealityattheunconsciouslevel.

TheIdcandonomorethanformulateanecessity,sotheEgoisinvoked.ItdevelopsfromtheIdbecauseoftheorganism'

sneedtocopewithexternalrealityforthesatisfactionofitsinstinctualrequirements.FreuddescribedtheEgoasaregulatingagentandanintermediary,registeringdemandsandmeetingrequirements,whichinturnnecessitatescoordinationwiththeenvironment-theworldofreality.Althoughitseekspleasureandtheavoidanceofpain,theEgoisundertheinfluenceoftheRealityPrinciple,whichisthedelayofimmediategratificationinrecognitionofsocialrequirementsorhigherneeds.Itoperatesbymeansofsecondaryprocesses-perception,problemsolving,andrepression-thatis,realistic,logicalthinkingandrealitytesting.

Thepleasureprincipledrivesonetoseekpleasureandtoavoidpain.However,asonematures,onelearnstobereasonableaboutthisbecauseoftheexigenciesandobstaclesofreality,whichneedtobetakenaccountoftobeabletoobtainpleasureinthelongerterm.Aninner-directedpersontakesanobjectiveandrationalaccountofrealitytofulfilltheneedsoflife（seeMaslow）,workingtowardahighergoalofindividuationthroughself-actualization.

fromtheviewpointofMindDevelopment,theEgomayberegardedastheconsciousidentitycurrentlymanifestedbytheBeing:

theEgoisalwayssmallerthantheSelf,i.e.thecompletepersonalitycomprisingId,EgoandSuperego,whichisitselfasub-setofthetranspersonalorHigherSelf.

TheEgoisamatureadultfunction,butuntiltheEgoisfullydeveloped,themultifarioussafetyandacceptancedemandsofthe