跨文化交际的语用失误研究英语论文Word格式.docx
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本文重点从言语交际失误方面展开对语用失误的研究,主要包括语用语言失误和社交语用失误两种。
并且通过对这两种语用失误的分析,作者提出了一些针对语言教学的启示。
关键词:
跨文化交际;
文化差异;
语用语言失误;
社交语用失误;
语言教学启示
Abstract
Thisthesisattemptstoanalyzepragmaticfailureaccordingtosomebasicpragmatictheories,inordertounderstandpeoplemorescientificallyandsystematicallywhocomefromdifferentculture,societyandcommunityhowtooperateinteractionbasedondifferentstandards.Thethesiswillemphasizeonverbalcommunicationwhichconcludespragmalinguisticfailureandsocio-pragmaticfailure.Andthroughanalyzingonthetwokindsofpragmaticfailures,theauthorputsforwardsomeenlightenmentforlanguageteaching.
Keywords:
InterculturalCommunication;
CulturalDifferences;
PragmalinguisticFailure;
Socio-pragmaticFailure;
EnlightenmentforLanguageTeaching
ChapterOneIntroduction
Interculturalcommunicationactivitiesgowiththehistoryofmankind,butasasubjectitonlyemergedseveraldecadesagoandagreatmanyresearchesfromdifferentperspectiveshavebeenconductedonitbyscholarsathomeandabroad.Thethesisattemptstomakeanalysisonthepragmaticfailuresintheinterculturalcommunicationfromtheviewpointofsociolinguisticsandpragmatics.
Chaptertwoexplainsseveralimportantissues.Thefirstistogivethedefinitionandcharacteristicsofcultureandcommunication,whichleadtotheconclusionthatculture,communicationandlanguageareinseparable.Thesecondisanoverviewofinterculturalcommunication.Thestudyofinterculturalcommunicationisamulti-discipline,anditcompasseseveryaspectofcommunication.
Chapterthreediscussestwotypesofpragmaticfailureinverbal-communication,namely:
pragmalinguisticfailureandsociopragmaticfailure.Intermsofpragmalinguisticfailure,failuresinlexiconandgrammarareillustrated;
intermsofsociopragmaticfailure,failuresinwhattosayandhowtosay.
Chapterfourgivessomeenlightenmenttoimprovelanguageteachingapproachesandconcepts.Inrecentyears,researchershavemadegreateffortstoimproveforeignlanguageteaching,anditisthoughtthatthepragmaticcompetenceofforeignlanguagelearnershasbeenimprovedalot.However,pragmaticfailurestillhauntsthelanguagelearnersandteachersbecauseitiscloselyconcernedwithculture,communicationandlanguage,whichareindispensableinacademicandsociallife.
ChapterTwoABriefSurveyofSomeSpecifiedIssuesinInterculturalCommunication
2.1TheDefinitionsofClassroomQuestioning
2.1.1Culture
Cultureissuchavastandlargeconceptthatitishardanddifficulttogiveanexactdefinitionthatisacceptedbyallpeople.Itissaidthattherehavebeenatleastover150definitionsaboutculture,butnoneofthemcancoveralltheaspectsofculture.Thefollowingdefinitionsaresomeofthewell-knownones.
EdwardT.Hallgaveadetaileddescriptionas“Cultureisman’smedium;
thereisnotoneaspectofhumanlifethatisnottouchedandalteredbyculture.Thismeanspersonality,howpeopleexpressthemselves,includingshowsofemotion,thewaytheythink,howtheymove,howproblemsaresolved,howtheircitiesareplannedandlaidout,howtransportationsystemsfunctionandareorganized,aswellashoweconomicandgovernmentsystemsareputtogetherandfunction.”(Hall,1959,p.97)
BatesandPlogproposedadescriptivedefinition“Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behaviors,andartifactsthatthemembersofasocietyusetocopewiththeirworldandwithoneanother,andthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.Thisdefinitionincludesnotonlypatternsofbehaviorbutalsopatternsofthought,artifacts,andtheculturallytransmittedskillsandtechniquesusedtomaketheartifacts.”(Bates&
Plog,1990,p.152)
Fromtheabovedefinitions,wehaveseencultureisubiquitousmultidimensional,complex,andall-pervasive.Inmanyways,Halliscorrect:
cultureiseverythingandeverywhere(Samovar&
Porter,2000,p.34).Forthepurposeresearchonpragmaticfailureininterculturalcommunication,theauthorwouldliketounderstandcultureasaparticularwaytosatisfyhuman’sbasicneeds.AccordingtoapsychologistAbrahamMaslow,humanbeingsharesfivebasicneeds:
thephysiologicalneeds,thesafetyneeds,thebelongingnessneeds,theesteemneedsandtheself-actualizationneeds.Thefivebasicneedsofhumanbeingareshapedandaffectedunconsciouslybycultureandgraduallywetakeitforgrantedandtreatthemascultural-rootedhabits.Takefoodasanexample,peoplefromoneculturemightthinkthefoodeatenbyanotherculturalgroupisnotdeliciousandevendisgusting.JustlikeChinesethinkitgoodforhealthtoeatdogmeat,whilethethoughtofeatingdogdisgustswesternpeoplebecausedogsaretreatedaspeople’sbestfriendsintheirculture.Butnomatterhowdifferentculturehasitswaysofdoingthingsindailylife,itcannotbesimplyjudgedbytheright-or-wrongquestion.Itisinterpretedasdifferentpeopledothesamethingsindifferentmanners.
2.1.2Communication
Theword“communicate”originatefromtheLatinword“commonis”thatmeans“common”.Sothepremiseofcommunicationisthattheparticipantsshouldsharethecommonknowledge.Asisthecasewithculture,communicationiscomplexandmultidimensional.Whenpeopledecodethesignalandobtainthemessage,itisimportantforthemtointerpretmessagesintermsofculturalorientation.AndSamovardefinescommunicationas“ithappenswhenevermeaningisattributedtobehaviorortotheresidueofbehavior”(Samovar,1981,p.75).Hisdefinitiontellsuscommunicationcangoonthroughourconsciousorunconscious,intentionalorunintentionalbehavior.Peoplearecommunicatingeverywhereallthetimeinvariousmannersfordifferentpurposes.
Inordertoclarifyhowcommunicationactuallyoperates,thereareseveralcharacteristicsofcommunicationneedtobefullyunderstood.First,communicationischangingallthetime.Duringtheprocessofcommunication,participantsareunconsciouslyaffectedbytheinputofnewmessages.So,therewillbechangedinsomeway,whichmeanseveryonewillbeadynamicindividualinhiswholelife.Second,communicationisirreversible.Oncemessagesarereceivedanddecodeditisimpossibletoeliminatetheresultandthesender’sonlychoiceistomodifyorimplementtheformermessages.Therefore,oncepragmaticfailuresoccurintheprocessofcommunicationitisnotaneasyjobtoerasesomenegativeresultsandinfluencescompletely.Therefore,thestudyofpragmaticfailurewillbehelpfultominimizemisunderstandingininternationalcommunication.
2.2InterculturalCommunication
2.2.1DefinitionofInterculturalCommunication
Itisanundeniablefactthatweliveinaglobalvillagenowadays.Interculturalcommunicationoccurseverydaywiththerapideconomicandculturaldevelopmentofsociety.Itinvolvestheinteractionofculturesfromdifferentnations.Asanindependentsubject,interculturalcommunicationonlyemergedafewdecadesago.HallputforwardtheterminterculturalcommunicationfirstinhisbookTheSilentLanguage.Itcanbesimplydefinedasinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenmembersofdifferentcultures.Thetermhasbeenexpressedinmanyways,suchasinterculturalcommunication,cross-culturalcommunication,thestudyofinterculturalcommunication,andthestudyofcross-culturalcommunication.Amongthem,interculturalcommunicationandcross-culturalcommunicationaremorewidelyadopted.Thoughthetermcross-culturalcommunicationwasadoptedearlierbyscholars,nowtheformerreceivesmorepreference.
Inmanycases,interculturalcommunicationandcross-culturalcommunicationareunderstoodasbeingthesame.Thestudyofinterculturalcommunicationisgenerallyconsideredtoincludecross-culturalcommunication.AccordingtoSamovar,&
Porter,interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.AccordingtoGudykunstandKin,interculturalcommunicationisacomparisonofsomephenomenaacrosscultures,butcross-culturalcommunicationisaninteractionbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Theyholdthatinterculturalcommunicationputsemphasisonthestudy,whilecross-culturalcommunicationintheinteraction.Inthisthesis,hereby,theauthorwilladopttheterminterculturalcommunication.
2.2.2AnOverviewofInterculturalCommunication
ThestudyofinterculturalcommunicationcanbetracedbacktoAmericainthelate1950sandtheearly1960s.AsanewworldforEuropeans,Asians,andpeoplefromothercontinentswhowanttorealizetheirAmericandreams,Americaattractsmillionsofimmigrantsallovertheworld.Theseimmigrantsbroughtnotonlytheirskills,buttheirculturesaswell.Therefore,asameltingpotofimmigrants,avarietyofbarriers,conflicts,andfrictionsduetoculturaldifferencesincommunicationactivitiesaroseinAmerica.Thisphenomenonarousedmuchinterestinthewesterncountries,especiallyinAmerica.Communicationspecialistsbecameinterestedinthesubjectofcommunicationamongmembersofdifferentcultures.ThebookTheSilentLanguageisoftenconsideredastheinitialsignalofinterculturalcommunicationstudies.Fromthenon,anthropologists,socio-psychologists,sociolinguistshavedevotedwithgreatenthusiasmtothestudyfromavarietyofperspectives.
InterculturalcommunicationwasdeliveredasacourseinsomeAmericanuniversitiesinthelate1960s.Withthetrendofglobalization,thedevelopmento