届高考英语一轮复习专项提升训练概要写作与翻译专项提升训练上海卷适用Word格式文档下载.docx

届高考英语一轮复习专项提升训练概要写作与翻译专项提升训练上海卷适用Word格式文档下载.docx

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一、阅读表达

1.SummaryWriting

Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60wonds.Useyourownwordsas,faraspossible. 

Everytimethereisamassshooting,thedebatesurroundinggunstendstoflareupinAmerica.TheabuseofgunshasbeenaseriousproblemintheUSallalong,butwhydoesn’ttheUSgovernmentjustdismissowninggunsprivately?

TherighttoownagunanddefendoneselfiscentraltoAmericansociety.Asearlyasthe1600s,whenthefirstEuropeanssetfootonthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theyhadtofacealotofdangers.Theycouldonlyrelyonthemselves.Therefore,gunsplayedasignificantroleinself-defense.GunswerealsoimportantinAmerican’sIndependentWarandtheCivilWar.

Secondly,theAmericanfoundingfathersbelievedthatgunownershipwasnecessaryforatrulyfreecountry.Ifthegovernmentdistruststhepeopleanddisarmsthem,thenthatgovernmentnolongerrepresentsthepeople.TheSecondAmendmenttotheUSConstitutionspecifiesthattheAmericanpeoplecannotbedeprivedofthe“righttokeepandbeararms.”SothesaleandpurchaseoffirearmsarelegalintheUnitedStatesaccordingtolaw.

TheimportanceofgunsisalsoderivedfromtheroleofhuntinginAmericanculture.Inthenation’searlyyears,huntingwasessentialforfoodandshelter.Today,gunsareavitalpartofhunting,whichremainsverypopularasbothasportandawayoflifeinmanypartsofthecountry.Peoplespendtimewithfriends,sharingthepleasurethatthesportbrings.

Forthosereasons,whencriticssaygunsmeanviolence,theymissalargepartofthepicture,andtheymisrepresentthecomplexnatureofAmerica’sdiversegunculture.Mostpeoplewhoowngunsprivately,areactuallypartofthegunculture.Theyhaverationalandthoughtfulreasonstoownanduseguns.

2.SummaryWriting

QuietVirtue:

TheConscientious

Theeverydaysignsofconscientiousness（认真尽责）—beingpunctual,carefulindoingwork,self-disciplined,andscrupulous（一丝不苟的）inattendingtoresponsibilities—aretypicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizen,thepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtherules,helpout,andareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsence,whogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaves,whoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.

Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformance,outstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobs,fromsemi-skilledlabortosalesandmanagement,dependsonconscientiousness.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturer,thosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.

Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer（缓冲）againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarket,becauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentatives,theirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.

Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselves,theycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandards,andsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon’tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.Factoryworkerswhowereextremelyconscientious,forexample,tendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticized,whichdamagedtheirrelationships.

Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectations,itcandiscouragecreativity.Successincreativeprofessionslikeartoradvertisingcallsforabalancebetweenwildideasandconscientiousness.Withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthrough,peoplebecomemeredreamers,withnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness.

3.SummaryWriting

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

Itisuniversallytruethatallparentsintheworldlovetheirchildren.However,asparents’viewsoflifevary,theyshowtheirloveindifferentways.

Themonarchtypeofparentsareintolerantandself-centered.Theylaydownregulationsinthefamilyfortheirchildrentoobserve.Furthermore,theyinsistthattheirchildrenshouldactuponthemwithoutquestion.Withafirmbeliefintheirownphilosophyoflife,theyhavelittlerespectforothers’opinions,leastofall,theirchildren’s.Thesentencetheysaymostfrequentlytotheirchildrenis,“youshoulddothis.”

Contrarytothemonarch-typeparents,theservant-typeparentsrevolvearoundtheirchildrenallthetime.Theyaresoft,good-natured,andeasy-going.Theyneverdenytheirchildrenanywish,andcheerfullyruntobuyanythingtheirchildrenaskfor.Theyarehappysolongastheirchildrenarecontent.Withthesincerebeliefthatlovemeanssacrifice,theyarereadytogiveupanythingfortheirchildren’ssake.Withtheirchildrenatthecenteroftheirlives,theyalwaysask,“Whatelsecanwedoforyou?

”

Thefriend-typeparents,asthetermimplies,treattheirchildrenasfriends.Theyaregenerousandwise.Likegoodfriends,theydiscusswiththeirchildrenthelatestnews,sharetheirchildren’sinterests,andlistenattentivelytotheirchildren’sexpressionofemotion,whetheritisanger,fear,joyorsorrow.Theyhaveacloserelationshipwiththeirchildrenwhilestickingtotheirprincipledstand.Theydiscussproblemswiththeirchildrenratherthanprovidereadysolution.Theyrespecttheirchildrenastheirequals.Theyoftensay:

“Let’sputoutheadstogetherandseewhatwecando.”

Thereisnodoubtthatchildrenwelcomethethirdtypeofparents,forafree,friendly,andsympatheticatmosphereathomeismostfavorabletothedevelopmentofyoungstersbothinbodyandinmind.Allparentsshouldre-examineandchangesomeoftheirwaysofshowingtheirloveiftheywanttheirchildrentogrowuphappilyandhealthily.

4.SummaryWriting

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint（s）ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible. 

AWorkaholicEconomy

Althoughtheoutputperhourofworkhasmorethandoubledsince1945,leisureseemsreservedlargelyfortheunemployedandunderemployed.Thosewhoworkfull-timespendasmuchtimeonthejobastheydidattheendofWorldWarⅡ.Infact,workinghourshaveincreasednoticeablysince1970.Bookstoresnowaboundwithmanualsdescribinghowtomanagetimeandcopewithstress.

Therearemainlytworeasonsforlostleisure.

Since1970,companieshaverespondedtoimprovementsinthebusinessclimatebyhavingemployeesworkovertimeratherthanbyhiringextrapersonnel.Somefirmsareevendownsizingastheirprofitsclimb.Ahostoffactorspushesemployerstohirefewerworkersformorehoursand,atthesametime,compelsworkerstospendmoretimeonthejob.Mostofthoseincentives（诱因）involvethestructureofcompensation（报酬）.Thewaysalariesandbenefitsareorganizedmakesitmoreprofitabletoask40employeestolaboranextrahoureachthantohireonemoreworkertodothesame40-hourjob.Oncepeopleareonsalary,theircosttoafirmisthesamewhethertheyspend35hoursaweekintheofficeor70.Therefore,itismoreprofitableforemployerstoworktheirexistingemployeesharder.

Forallthatemployeescomplainaboutlonghours,they,too,havereasonsnottotrademoneyforleisure.“Peoplewhoworkreducedhourspayahugepenaltyincareerterms,”BailynofMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologymaintains.“It’stakenasanegativesignalabouttheircommitmenttothefirm.”Headdsthatmanycorporatemanagersfinditdifficulttomeasurethecontributionoftheiremployeestoafirm’swell-being,sotheyestimatestaffproductivityintermsofhoursworked.Employeesknowthis,andtheyadjusttheirbehavioraccordingly.

5.SummaryWriting

Screen-addictedteensareunhappy

Anewstudyexploredthelinkbetweenadolescentlifesatisfactionandscreentime.Researchersfoundthatteenswhospentmoretimeinfrontofscreendevices–playingcomputergames,usingsocialmedia,textingandvideochatting–werelesshappythanthosewhoinvestedmoretimeinnon-screenactivitieslikesports,readingnewspapersandmagazines,andface-to-facesocialinteraction.

Totalscreenavoidancedoesn’tleadtohappinesseither.Thegreaterunhappinessamongthosewithnoscreenexposurecouldbeduetoseveralfactors,Twenge,theleadingresearchersaid.“Itcouldbethattheyareleftoutofthesocialsceneofhighschool,thatit’sverydifficulttocarryonfriendshipsinhighschoolthesedayswithouttextingatallorbeingonsocialmedia.”Itisalsopossiblethatthosekidsareoutliers,Twengesaid–teenswithspecialneedsorinspecialeducation,orthosewhosescreenshavebeentakenawayfromthembyparents.

Thekeytodigitalmediauseandhappinessislimiteduse.Thehappiestteensuseddigitalmediaalittlelessthananhourperday.Butafteradailyhourofscreentime,unhappinessrisessteadilyalongwithincreasingscreentime,theresearchersreportinthejournalEmotion.

“Makeefforttospendnomorethantwohoursadayondigitalmedia,andtrytoincreasetheamountoftimeyouspendseeingfriendsface-to-fa