Chapter Three PhonologyWord文档格式.docx

Chapter Three PhonologyWord文档格式.docx

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i.theyaredifferentinmeaning

ii.theydifferonlyinonesoundsegment

iii.thedifferentsoundsoccurinthesamepositioninthestrings

Judgewhichofthefollowingareminimalpairs.

1）/pet//bet/2）/fi:

l//li:

v/3）/sed//sit/4）/a:

sk//sk/5）bitebought

Whenagroupofwordsmeetalltheabovethreeconditions,theyarecalledaminimalset（最小对立集）.

1.3Phonemes,allophonesandphones

First,lookatsomeexamples:

i.threeterms:

A.Aphonemeisaminimaldistinctiveunitinthesoundssystemofalanguage.（音位用//表示。

）

B.Allophones（音位变体）aretherealizationsofaparticularphoneme.（音位变体用[]表示。

）

C.Phones（音子、单音）aretherealizationsofphonemesingeneral.（音子用[]表示。

ii.Whatisanunreleasedsound?

Theproductionofastopusuallyconsistsofthreestages:

closurestage,holdstageandreleasestage.Asoundproducedwithoutthelaststageiscalledanunreleasedsound.

iii.Aphonemeisanabstractelementinthesoundsystemofalanguagewhileallophonesarevariantsofasingleabstractelement.

2.Identifyingphonemes

2.1Environmentanddistribution

i.environment---Theenvironmentofasoundconsistsofwhatprecedesitandwhatfollowsit.

在[saiz]中，[ai]的环境可描述为[s-z]，[s]的环境可描述为[#-ai]，[z]的环境可描述为[ai-#]。

ii.distribution---Thedistributionofasoundconsistsofallthepossibleenvironmentsinwhichthesoundinquestioncanoccur.

thedistributionofthesound[m]inEnglishcanbedescribedas

A.initially:

meet,miss,more

B.finally:

home,some,farm

C.intervocalically:

swimming,army,enemy

D.betweenavowelandaconsonant:

simple,combine,lamp

E.betweenaconsonantandavowel:

smile,smell,smart

2.2Threetypesofdistribution

i.Contrastivedistribution

Iftwoormoresoundscanoccurinthesameenvironmentandthesubstitutionofonesoundforanotherbringsaboutachangeofmeaning,theyareincontrastivedistribution.

ii.Complementarydistribution

Iftwoormoresoundsneverappearinthesameenvironment,thatis,eachsoundonlyappearsintheenvironmentswheretheothersoundneveroccurs,thentheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

iii.Freevariation

Iftwosoundscanoccurinthesameenvironmentandthesubstitutionofonesoundfortheotherdoesnotcauseachangeofmeaning,thentheyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.

2.3Principlesandprocedures

i.Threeprinciples:

A.Thesoundsthatareincontrastivedistributionaredifferentphonemes;

B.Thesoundsthatarealwaysinfreevariationareallophonesofthesamephoneme;

C.Thesoundsthatareincomplementarydistributionandalsophoneticallysimilarareallophonesofthesamephoneme.

ii.Procedures:

Step1:

Aretheyincontrastivedistribution?

Step2:

Aretheyalwaysinfreevariation?

Step3:

Aretheyincomplementarydistribution?

Step4:

Aretheyphoneticallysimilar?

iii.Examples:

Problem1AretheEnglishsounds[θ]and[]differentphonemes?

step1Question:

Answer:

Yes,becausethereisaminimalpair:

wreathandwreathe.

Conclusion:

[θ]and[]aredifferentphonemes.

Problem2Examinethedatabelowtodecidewhetheravelarplosive[k]andapalatalplosive[c]aredifferentphonemesornot.

Problem3.Are[h]and[]allophonesofthesamephoneme?

3.Distinctivefeatures（区别性特征）

1）Phonemesaremadeupofasetofsmallercomponents.Theyareanalyzableasasetofdistinctivefeatures.Theyarethefeaturesthatcancontrastwords.

2）Ingeneral,asetofdistinctivefeaturesthatdefineandcharacterizeaphonemeismuchsmallerthanasetofphoneticfeaturesthatcharacterizesanyoneofitsallophones.

3）Distinctivefeaturesareusedtodescribephonemes,whilephoneticfeaturesareusedtodescribetheirallophones.

4）Anyfeaturewhichcanbepredictedfromtheotherfeaturesarecalledredundantfeaturesornondistinctivefeatures.

4.Naturalclassesofsounds

1）Allthephonemesinalanguagethatshareoneormoredistinctivefeaturearecalledanaturalclassofsounds.

2）Oneoftheadvantagesofhavingtheterm"

naturalclassesofsounds"

isthatphonologicalrulesconstructedcanbeofhighergenerality.

5.Sequencesofphonemes

Alllanguageshavesequentialconstraints.

SomesimplesequentialconstraintsinEnglishareintroduced:

（1）Nowordbeginswithmorethanthreeconsonantphonemesandnowordendswithmorethanfourconsonantphonemes.Inotherwords,aninitialconsonantclustercan.,atmost,containthreeconsonants,suchas:

/splei/splay/sprei/spray/spju:

/spew

/stju:

/stew/skri:

n/screen/skwi:

k/squeak

andafinalconsonantclustercanatmosthavefourconsonants,suchas:

/siksθs/sixths/twelfθs/twelfths

（2）Allconsonantphonemes,except//,canoccurinitiallyandallconsonantphonemes,except/h,r,w,j/,canoccurfinally（Note:

InAmericanEnglishandsomedialectsofBritishEnglish,/r/canoccurattheendofwords,suchasworker）.Thus,wedonothavesoundcombinationslike

*//*/fu:

j/*/si:

w/*/fih/*/ler/

3）Iftheinitialsoundisanaffricate,thenextsoundmustbeavowel,suchas:

butnot

/dz/jazz/d/jeep/tin/chin/t/chess

butnot*/d/*/d/*/tin/*/t/

4）Twoplosivescannotgotogetheratthebeginningofwords.Thatiswhy*/pa/and*/tp/arenotpermittedinEnglish.

5）Onlyshortvowels/i/,//,//and//canprecedefinal//,suchas:

/si/sing/s/sang/r/wrung/s/song

6）Shortvowels/e/,//,/and//donotoccurefinally.SowedonothavethefollowingsoundsequencesinEnglish:

*/fe/*/f/*/f/*/f/

6.Suprasegmentalfeatures

6.0Twotypesofdistinctivefeatures:

i.segmentalfeatures（切分特征）---thedistinctivefeatureswhichcanonlyhaveaneffectononesoundsegmentarecalledsegmentalfeatures.

ii.suprasegmentalfeatures（超切分特征）---thedistinctivefeatureswhichcanaffectmorethanonesoundsegmentandcanalsocontrastmeaningarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Suprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandjuncture.

6.1Stress

i.Theplacementofstresscanbringaboutachangeofmeaninginaword.

Examples:

课本70页6.1单元第一段中间。

ii.Stresscannotonlydifferentiatethemeaningofwordsbutalsocandistinguishthemeaningofphrasesandsentences.

`bluebirdandblue`bird

`blackboardandblack`board

`WhiteHouseandwhite`house

Theyare`Englishteachers.andTheyareEnglish`teachers

phonologyⅢ

6.2Toneandintonation

i.tonelanguages（声调语言）：

Tonelanguagesarelanguagesthatusepitch（音高）tocontrastmeaningsatwordlevel.

6.3Juncture

i.Definition:

Juncture（连音）referstothephoneticboundaryfeatureswhichmaymarkgrammaticalunitssuchaswordandclause.

ii.Examples:

7.Therulesofphonology

7.1Phoneticandphonemictranscriptions

i.Ifweareinterestedinthephoneticunitsofaword,theresultingtranscriptionisphonetic.Phonetictranscriptionsincludeallthelinguisticallyrelevantfeaturesofsounds.

ii.Ifweareinterestedinthedistinctivefeatures,theresultingtranscriptionisphonemic.Phonemictranscriptionsonlyrecorddistinctivequalitiesofsoundswhichcandifferentiatethemeaningsofwords.

（参见课本74页）

7.2Phonologicalrules

Threekindsofinformationpresentedbyaphonologicalrule:

i.theclassofsoundsaffectedbytherule

ii.thephoneticchangesthataretooccur

iii.thephonemicenvironmentinwhichthephoneticchangeswilltakeplace.

Exercises

15.（a）WhichoftheconsonantphonemesinEnglishnevercomesatthebeginningofaword?

（b）Givetwoexamplesthatshowthisconsonant:

（a）inthefinalpositionand（b）betweentwovowels.

16.Whatconsonants,ifany,neveroccurattheendofaword?

/h,r,w,j/neveroccurattheendofaword.（Note:

/r/occursattheendofawordinAmericanEnglish.）

17.Whatconsonantoccursinitiallybefore/pr/,/tr/or/kr/?

Giveasamplewordforeachofthese.

/s/occursinitiallybefore/pr,tr,kr/.e.g.spring,streetandscream.

18.Whatvowelsdonotoccurinitially?

/u/and/u/donotoccurinitially.

19.Whatphonemesusuallyfollowtheinitial/s/?

20.Listfeaturesthatcandifferentiatethefollowingpairsofsounds:

21.Explainthemeaningofthefollowingwordsorphrasesorsentenceswhenmarkedwithdifferentstressorwithdifferentintonation.

15.GivethreeexamplestoshowthedistinctivefunctionofjunctureinEnglish.

16.Changethefollowingphonemictranscriptionsintophonetictranscriptions:

（a）/tip/（b）/bi:

n/（c）/kis/

（d）/wi:

k/（e）/fel/（f）/'

pkit/

17.Changethefollowingphonetictranscriptionsintophonemictranscriptions:

18.Readthefollowinghypotheticalrulesinwords:

（a）saysthathighvowelsaredevoicedwhentheyareprecededbyvoicelessplosivesandfollo