英语专业八级文化常识Word文档下载推荐.docx

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英语专业八级文化常识Word文档下载推荐.docx

thefolklegendsoftheprimitivenortherntribes;

aheroicScandinavianepiclegend;

善恶有报

b.religiouspoetry:

Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680):

thefirstknownreligiouspoet;

thefatherofEnglishsong

Cynewulf(基涅武甫9C):

TheChrist

c.8thC,Anglo-Saxonprose:

VenerableBede(673-735);

AlfredtheGreat(848-901)

2)TheMedievalPeriod中世纪(1066-ca.1485/1500):

a.Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500):

theMiddleAges;

英雄诗歌

无名诗人-SirGawainandtheGreenKnight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》:

Celticlegend;

verse-romance;

2530lines

~14thC,AgeofChaucer:

*GeoffreyChaucer(乔叟1340-1400):

文风:

vividandexactlanguage,hispoetryisfullofvigorandswiftness

thefatherofEnglishpoetry;

thefatherofEnglishfiction;

首创“双韵体”;

首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家

TheCanterburyTales:

pilgrimsstories受Boccaccio(薄伽丘)-Decameron《十日谈》启发

TheHouseofFame;

TroilusandCriseyde;

TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)

*WilliamLangland(朗兰1332-1400):

TheVisionofPiersPlowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》:

普通人眼中的社会抗议

b.15thC,Englishballads:

ThomasMalory(1395-1471):

Morted’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》-圆桌骑士

二、TheRenaissancePeriod英国文艺复兴(1500-1660):

humanism十四行诗,文艺复兴,无韵诗,伊丽莎白戏剧

1)诗歌HenryHoward(霍华德1516-1547)

a.ThomasWyatt(怀亚特1503-1542):

thefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliterature

b.SirPhilipSidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586):

代表了当时的理想-“thecompleteman”DefenseofPoetry《为诗辩护》

AstrophelandStella;

Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》:

aproseromancefilledwithlyrics;

aforerunnerofthemodernworld

c.EdmundSpenser(斯宾塞1552-1599):

thepoets’poet;

non-dramaticpoetof伊丽莎白时代-longallegoricalromance

aperfectmelody,araresenseofbeautyandasplendidimagination.TheShepherdCalendar

TheFaerieQueen《仙后》:

longpoemforQueenElizabeth;

Allegory-nine-lineversestanza/theSpenserianStanza

SpenserianStanza(斯宾塞诗体):

Ninelines,thefirsteightlinesisiniambic(抑扬格)pentameter(五步诗),

andtheninthlineisaniambichexameter(六步诗)line.

2)Prose散文

a.ThomasMore(莫尔1478-1535):

欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》:

More与海员的对话

b.JohnLyly(黎里1553-160,剧作家&

小说家):

Eupheus

Euphuism(夸饰文体):

Abundantuseofbalancedsentences,alliterations(头韵)andotherartificialprosodic(韵律)means.

Theuseofoddsimiles(明喻)andcomparisons

c.FrancisBacon(培根1561-1626):

英国首位散文家,中世纪至现代欧洲时期;

近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱

thetrumpeterofanewage;

Essays(论说文集):

OfStudies,OfLove,OfBeauty:

thefirsttrueEnglishproseclassic

3)戏剧

a.ChristopherMarlowe(马洛1564-1593):

UniversityWits大学才子派EdwardII;

TheJewofMalta《马耳他的犹太人》

firstmadeblankverse(无韵诗:

不押韵的五步诗)theprincipleinstrumentofEnglishdrama

TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》:

根据德国民间故事书写成;

完善了无韵体诗。

TamburlainetheGreat《帖木儿大帝》:

残酷而野心勃勃的帝王

b.WilliamShakespeare(剧作家&

诗人,1564-1616):

154sonnets(十四行诗)+37plays+longpoems;

现实主义创始人

16comedies:

MerchantofVenice(Shylock;

Antonio;

Bassanio;

Portia);

TheTamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》

AMid-SummerNight’sDream;

AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》;

TheTwelfthNight;

TheComedyofErrors;

MuchAdoAboutNothing《无事生非》;

TheWinter’sTale《冬天的故事》;

AllisWellthatEndsWell《终成眷属》

11tragedies:

RomeoandJuliet;

Hamlet;

Macbeth《麦克白》;

TheTempest《暴风雨》

Othello:

aheroOthellovs.badmanIago;

VeniceandCyprus

KingLear:

BritishKing;

greatestachievement;

mostcomplexinplotandmostpainful

10historicalplays:

HenryIV;

HenryV

c.BenJonson(琼生1562-1637诗人&

剧作家&

批评家):

ComedyofHumors;

Volpone《狐狸》;

TheAlchemist《炼金术士》

三、17世纪文学

1)LiteratureoftheRevolutionPeriod(AgeofMilton)资产阶级革命时期:

poetry(Metaphysical玄学派+Cavalier骑士派)

a.JohnDonne(多恩1572-1631):

玄学派创始人;

AValediction:

ForbiddingMourning《临别辞:

莫悲伤》

文风:

obscene,vulgarandseriousphilosophicalthinking–theconflictbetweenbodyandsoul

TheHolySonnets;

TheFlea;

GoandCatchaFallingStar;

TheSongsandSonnets(主题-爱)

b.JohnMilton(弥尔顿1608-1674):

RenaissanceandReformation(宗教改革)

ParadiseRegained《复乐园》;

ParadiseLost《失乐园》:

thegreatestEnglishepic;

Satanisthehero

SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》:

closetdrama;

forreadingratherthanperforming;

OnHisBlindness《目盲自咏》;

Areopagitica《论出版自由》;

Comus;

L’allegro《快乐的人》;

Lycidas

c.JohnBunyan(班扬1628-1688):

prosewritinginthePuritanAge;

simpleandlivelyprosestyle

ThePilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》:

proseallegorydepictingahumansoulsearchingforsalvation宗教寓言

“具有永恒意义的百科全书”,英国文学史上里程碑式著作。

与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。

2)LiteratureoftheRestorationPeriod(AgeofDryden)王政复辟/德莱顿时期:

tendancytoRealismandFormalism

restorationliterature:

cliquishculture小集团文化;

Frenchclassicaltaste

a.JohnDryden(德莱顿1631-1700,批评家&

戏剧家):

firstpoetlaureate(桂冠诗人);

thefatherofEnglishCriticism

establishtheheroiccouplet(英雄史诗式两行诗)asthefashionforsatiric,didactic(说教)anddescriptive(描写)poetry

最先提出“玄学诗人”一词;

他创造的“英语双韵体couplet”,成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。

AllforLove;

Alexander’sFeast;

AnEssayofDramaticPoesy《论戏剧诗歌》:

thegreatplaywrightsofGreeceandRome,英国文艺复兴&

当代法国

四、18世纪英国文学:

Realism(关注社会现状,普通人)TheNeoclassicalPeriod(17世纪中期-18世纪)

~Enlightenment(启蒙运动):

18thC,法国-西欧,aprogressiveintellectualmovement.文艺复兴的衍伸;

资本主义反对封建主义

Enlightentheworldwithmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas;

rationality,equality&

science

~Neo-Classicism:

早期(Addison,SteeleandPope);

中期(SamuelJohnson)oldclassics

ConformtorulesandprinciplesestablishedbyRomanandGreekClassicalwriters;

userimedcouplet(押韵的两行诗)

Order,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,bejudgedintermsofthethematicconcern

a.SamuelPepys(毕博思1633-1703):

Thegreatestdiaristin17thCTheDiary

b.AlexanderPope(蒲柏1688-1744):

新古典主义代表;

masterinsatireandheroiccouplet;

AgeofPope–18世纪初期

词句工整、精练、富有哲理;

对Byron影响巨大firstintroducedrationalismtoEngland

AnEssayonCriticism(处女作);

AnEssayonMan;

Odyssey;

TheRapeoftheLock《夺发记》;

Dunciad《愚人记》

c.RichardSteele(斯梯尔1672-1729)&

JosephAddison(艾迪生1672-1719):

literaryperiodicals

TheTattler(闲谈者报):

1709,bySteele;

Addisonwroteessays;

抨击封建偏见,傲慢的富人,及大众对赌博和决斗的反感

TheSpectator(旁观者报):

共同创办;

theSpectatorClub---现代英语小说先锋

贡献:

资产阶级新社会道德;

18世纪英国社会真实写照;

英语散文正式成为一大文学流派

d.SamuelJohnson(字典约翰1709-1784):

literarydictator;

“grandchampioninliteratureofthatage”

TheDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:

英语字典的基础;

TheLivesofEnglishpoets:

52earlyEnglishpoets

2)十八世纪小说的崛起:

首批英国小说家–theSentimentalist&

theRealist

*现实主义

a.DanielDefoe(笛福1661-1731):

英国现实主义小说奠基人;

FatherofEnglishandEuropeanNovelsMollFlanders

TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe:

thefirstpersonsingular

CrusoerepresentedtheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlystageofitsdevelopment.AJournalofthePlagueYear

b.HenryFielding(菲尔丁1707-1754,小说家&

戏剧家):

英国小说之父;

英国现代小说创始人;

comicepicinprose创始人

exactstudyandobservationofreallifeJosephAndrews;

Amelia

TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling《弃婴汤姆·

琼斯的故事》:

18世纪英国群像;

Mr.Allworthy“ProseHumor”

c.JonathanSwift(斯威夫特1667-1745,政论家&

讽刺小说家):

伟大文学创造者之一;

masterofEnglishsatiricalprose

simple,clearandvigor;

“Properwordsinproperplaces,makesthetruedefinitionsofastyle”

Gulliver’sTravels《格列佛游记》:

Liliput(小人国);

Brogdingnagians(大人国);

Laputa(勒普泰岛);

Houyhnhnms(慧马国)

TheBattleoftheBooks;

TheTaleofaTub;

AModestProposal(bitterirony)

d.TobiasGeorgeSmollett(1721-1771):

冒险小说

*Sentimentalism(感伤主义):

Itindulgesinemotionandsentiment,whichareusedasasortofreliefforthegrieffelttowardstheworld’swrongsandasakindofmildprotestagainstsocialinjustice.

a.SamuelRichardson(理查森1689-1761):

thefounderoftheEnglishdomesticnovel小说开始审视“发生于内心的东西”

Pamela;

Clarissa;

TheHistoryofSirCharlesGrandison

b.LaurenceSterne(斯特恩1713-1768):

LifeandOpinionsofTristramShandy《项狄传》-unusualandqueerartisticform

c.OliverGoldsmith(戈德史密斯1728-1774):

Romanticschool;

TheDesertedVillage《荒村》;

ShestoopstoConquer

TheVicarofWakefield《威克菲尔德的牧师》:

oneofthemostenduringcharactersinEnglishfiction

3)PoetryofthePre-RomanticismandSentimentalism(前浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌):

18世纪中期

a.JamesThomson(汤姆森1700-1748苏格兰):

TheSeasons:

theme-nature;

blankverse;

thefirstsignificantpoeminthetraditionofPre-Romanticism

b.EdwardYoung(杨1683-1765)c.WilliamCollins(柯林斯1721-1759):

OdetoEvening《晚颂》

d.ThomasGray(格雷1716-1771):

sympathyforthepoorandunknown,mocksthegreatoneswhodespiseandhurtthem

ElergyWritteninaCountryChurchyard《墓园挽歌》;

OdeontheSpring

e.WilliamBlake(布莱克1757-1827浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家):

symbolismTheMarriageofHeavenandHell

SongsofExperience《经验之歌》:

TheTiger;

London;

TheChimney-Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》世间的丑恶

SongsofInnocence《天真之歌》:

TheLambPoeticalSketches《素描诗集》

f.RobertBurns(彭斯1759-1796苏格兰):

thegreatestsongwriter;

thenationalpoetofScotland;

thepeople’spoet

lyricsonloveandfriendship;

simplicity;

ScotchdialectsMyHeart’sintheHighland

ARed,RedRose;

AuldLangSyne《旧日美好时光》;

Fora’Thatanda’That《不管那一套》

4)戏剧

a.JohnGay(盖伊1685-1732):

TheBeggar’sOpera《乞丐歌剧》:

oneofthemostconspicuousstagetriumphs

b.RichardBrinsleySheridan(谢立丹1751-1816喜剧作家):

tendencytoRealism

theartificialcomedy(风俗喜剧)&

anti-sentimentalmovement顶峰TheRivals《情敌》

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