英语专业八级文化常识Word文档下载推荐.docx
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thefolklegendsoftheprimitivenortherntribes;
aheroicScandinavianepiclegend;
善恶有报
b.religiouspoetry:
Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680):
thefirstknownreligiouspoet;
thefatherofEnglishsong
Cynewulf(基涅武甫9C):
TheChrist
c.8thC,Anglo-Saxonprose:
VenerableBede(673-735);
AlfredtheGreat(848-901)
2)TheMedievalPeriod中世纪(1066-ca.1485/1500):
a.Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500):
theMiddleAges;
英雄诗歌
无名诗人-SirGawainandtheGreenKnight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》:
Celticlegend;
verse-romance;
2530lines
~14thC,AgeofChaucer:
*GeoffreyChaucer(乔叟1340-1400):
文风:
vividandexactlanguage,hispoetryisfullofvigorandswiftness
thefatherofEnglishpoetry;
thefatherofEnglishfiction;
首创“双韵体”;
首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家
TheCanterburyTales:
pilgrimsstories受Boccaccio(薄伽丘)-Decameron《十日谈》启发
TheHouseofFame;
TroilusandCriseyde;
TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)
*WilliamLangland(朗兰1332-1400):
TheVisionofPiersPlowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》:
普通人眼中的社会抗议
b.15thC,Englishballads:
ThomasMalory(1395-1471):
Morted’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》-圆桌骑士
二、TheRenaissancePeriod英国文艺复兴(1500-1660):
humanism十四行诗,文艺复兴,无韵诗,伊丽莎白戏剧
1)诗歌HenryHoward(霍华德1516-1547)
a.ThomasWyatt(怀亚特1503-1542):
thefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliterature
b.SirPhilipSidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586):
代表了当时的理想-“thecompleteman”DefenseofPoetry《为诗辩护》
AstrophelandStella;
Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》:
aproseromancefilledwithlyrics;
aforerunnerofthemodernworld
c.EdmundSpenser(斯宾塞1552-1599):
thepoets’poet;
non-dramaticpoetof伊丽莎白时代-longallegoricalromance
aperfectmelody,araresenseofbeautyandasplendidimagination.TheShepherdCalendar
TheFaerieQueen《仙后》:
longpoemforQueenElizabeth;
Allegory-nine-lineversestanza/theSpenserianStanza
SpenserianStanza(斯宾塞诗体):
Ninelines,thefirsteightlinesisiniambic(抑扬格)pentameter(五步诗),
andtheninthlineisaniambichexameter(六步诗)line.
2)Prose散文
a.ThomasMore(莫尔1478-1535):
欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》:
More与海员的对话
b.JohnLyly(黎里1553-160,剧作家&
小说家):
Eupheus
Euphuism(夸饰文体):
Abundantuseofbalancedsentences,alliterations(头韵)andotherartificialprosodic(韵律)means.
Theuseofoddsimiles(明喻)andcomparisons
c.FrancisBacon(培根1561-1626):
英国首位散文家,中世纪至现代欧洲时期;
近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱
thetrumpeterofanewage;
Essays(论说文集):
OfStudies,OfLove,OfBeauty:
thefirsttrueEnglishproseclassic
3)戏剧
a.ChristopherMarlowe(马洛1564-1593):
UniversityWits大学才子派EdwardII;
TheJewofMalta《马耳他的犹太人》
firstmadeblankverse(无韵诗:
不押韵的五步诗)theprincipleinstrumentofEnglishdrama
TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》:
根据德国民间故事书写成;
完善了无韵体诗。
TamburlainetheGreat《帖木儿大帝》:
残酷而野心勃勃的帝王
b.WilliamShakespeare(剧作家&
诗人,1564-1616):
154sonnets(十四行诗)+37plays+longpoems;
现实主义创始人
16comedies:
MerchantofVenice(Shylock;
Antonio;
Bassanio;
Portia);
TheTamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》
AMid-SummerNight’sDream;
AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》;
TheTwelfthNight;
TheComedyofErrors;
MuchAdoAboutNothing《无事生非》;
TheWinter’sTale《冬天的故事》;
AllisWellthatEndsWell《终成眷属》
11tragedies:
RomeoandJuliet;
Hamlet;
Macbeth《麦克白》;
TheTempest《暴风雨》
Othello:
aheroOthellovs.badmanIago;
VeniceandCyprus
KingLear:
BritishKing;
greatestachievement;
mostcomplexinplotandmostpainful
10historicalplays:
HenryIV;
HenryV
c.BenJonson(琼生1562-1637诗人&
剧作家&
批评家):
ComedyofHumors;
Volpone《狐狸》;
TheAlchemist《炼金术士》
三、17世纪文学
1)LiteratureoftheRevolutionPeriod(AgeofMilton)资产阶级革命时期:
poetry(Metaphysical玄学派+Cavalier骑士派)
a.JohnDonne(多恩1572-1631):
玄学派创始人;
AValediction:
ForbiddingMourning《临别辞:
莫悲伤》
文风:
obscene,vulgarandseriousphilosophicalthinking–theconflictbetweenbodyandsoul
TheHolySonnets;
TheFlea;
GoandCatchaFallingStar;
TheSongsandSonnets(主题-爱)
b.JohnMilton(弥尔顿1608-1674):
RenaissanceandReformation(宗教改革)
ParadiseRegained《复乐园》;
ParadiseLost《失乐园》:
thegreatestEnglishepic;
Satanisthehero
SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》:
closetdrama;
forreadingratherthanperforming;
OnHisBlindness《目盲自咏》;
Areopagitica《论出版自由》;
Comus;
L’allegro《快乐的人》;
Lycidas
c.JohnBunyan(班扬1628-1688):
prosewritinginthePuritanAge;
simpleandlivelyprosestyle
ThePilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》:
proseallegorydepictingahumansoulsearchingforsalvation宗教寓言
“具有永恒意义的百科全书”,英国文学史上里程碑式著作。
与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。
2)LiteratureoftheRestorationPeriod(AgeofDryden)王政复辟/德莱顿时期:
tendancytoRealismandFormalism
restorationliterature:
cliquishculture小集团文化;
Frenchclassicaltaste
a.JohnDryden(德莱顿1631-1700,批评家&
戏剧家):
firstpoetlaureate(桂冠诗人);
thefatherofEnglishCriticism
establishtheheroiccouplet(英雄史诗式两行诗)asthefashionforsatiric,didactic(说教)anddescriptive(描写)poetry
最先提出“玄学诗人”一词;
他创造的“英语双韵体couplet”,成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。
AllforLove;
Alexander’sFeast;
AnEssayofDramaticPoesy《论戏剧诗歌》:
thegreatplaywrightsofGreeceandRome,英国文艺复兴&
当代法国
四、18世纪英国文学:
Realism(关注社会现状,普通人)TheNeoclassicalPeriod(17世纪中期-18世纪)
~Enlightenment(启蒙运动):
18thC,法国-西欧,aprogressiveintellectualmovement.文艺复兴的衍伸;
资本主义反对封建主义
Enlightentheworldwithmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas;
rationality,equality&
science
~Neo-Classicism:
早期(Addison,SteeleandPope);
中期(SamuelJohnson)oldclassics
ConformtorulesandprinciplesestablishedbyRomanandGreekClassicalwriters;
userimedcouplet(押韵的两行诗)
Order,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,bejudgedintermsofthethematicconcern
a.SamuelPepys(毕博思1633-1703):
Thegreatestdiaristin17thCTheDiary
b.AlexanderPope(蒲柏1688-1744):
新古典主义代表;
masterinsatireandheroiccouplet;
AgeofPope–18世纪初期
词句工整、精练、富有哲理;
对Byron影响巨大firstintroducedrationalismtoEngland
AnEssayonCriticism(处女作);
AnEssayonMan;
Odyssey;
TheRapeoftheLock《夺发记》;
Dunciad《愚人记》
c.RichardSteele(斯梯尔1672-1729)&
JosephAddison(艾迪生1672-1719):
literaryperiodicals
TheTattler(闲谈者报):
1709,bySteele;
Addisonwroteessays;
抨击封建偏见,傲慢的富人,及大众对赌博和决斗的反感
TheSpectator(旁观者报):
共同创办;
theSpectatorClub---现代英语小说先锋
贡献:
资产阶级新社会道德;
18世纪英国社会真实写照;
英语散文正式成为一大文学流派
d.SamuelJohnson(字典约翰1709-1784):
literarydictator;
“grandchampioninliteratureofthatage”
TheDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:
英语字典的基础;
TheLivesofEnglishpoets:
52earlyEnglishpoets
2)十八世纪小说的崛起:
首批英国小说家–theSentimentalist&
theRealist
*现实主义
a.DanielDefoe(笛福1661-1731):
英国现实主义小说奠基人;
FatherofEnglishandEuropeanNovelsMollFlanders
TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe:
thefirstpersonsingular
CrusoerepresentedtheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlystageofitsdevelopment.AJournalofthePlagueYear
b.HenryFielding(菲尔丁1707-1754,小说家&
戏剧家):
英国小说之父;
英国现代小说创始人;
comicepicinprose创始人
exactstudyandobservationofreallifeJosephAndrews;
Amelia
TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling《弃婴汤姆·
琼斯的故事》:
18世纪英国群像;
Mr.Allworthy“ProseHumor”
c.JonathanSwift(斯威夫特1667-1745,政论家&
讽刺小说家):
伟大文学创造者之一;
masterofEnglishsatiricalprose
simple,clearandvigor;
“Properwordsinproperplaces,makesthetruedefinitionsofastyle”
Gulliver’sTravels《格列佛游记》:
Liliput(小人国);
Brogdingnagians(大人国);
Laputa(勒普泰岛);
Houyhnhnms(慧马国)
TheBattleoftheBooks;
TheTaleofaTub;
AModestProposal(bitterirony)
d.TobiasGeorgeSmollett(1721-1771):
冒险小说
*Sentimentalism(感伤主义):
Itindulgesinemotionandsentiment,whichareusedasasortofreliefforthegrieffelttowardstheworld’swrongsandasakindofmildprotestagainstsocialinjustice.
a.SamuelRichardson(理查森1689-1761):
thefounderoftheEnglishdomesticnovel小说开始审视“发生于内心的东西”
Pamela;
Clarissa;
TheHistoryofSirCharlesGrandison
b.LaurenceSterne(斯特恩1713-1768):
LifeandOpinionsofTristramShandy《项狄传》-unusualandqueerartisticform
c.OliverGoldsmith(戈德史密斯1728-1774):
Romanticschool;
TheDesertedVillage《荒村》;
ShestoopstoConquer
TheVicarofWakefield《威克菲尔德的牧师》:
oneofthemostenduringcharactersinEnglishfiction
3)PoetryofthePre-RomanticismandSentimentalism(前浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌):
18世纪中期
a.JamesThomson(汤姆森1700-1748苏格兰):
TheSeasons:
theme-nature;
blankverse;
thefirstsignificantpoeminthetraditionofPre-Romanticism
b.EdwardYoung(杨1683-1765)c.WilliamCollins(柯林斯1721-1759):
OdetoEvening《晚颂》
d.ThomasGray(格雷1716-1771):
sympathyforthepoorandunknown,mocksthegreatoneswhodespiseandhurtthem
ElergyWritteninaCountryChurchyard《墓园挽歌》;
OdeontheSpring
e.WilliamBlake(布莱克1757-1827浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家):
symbolismTheMarriageofHeavenandHell
SongsofExperience《经验之歌》:
TheTiger;
London;
TheChimney-Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》世间的丑恶
SongsofInnocence《天真之歌》:
TheLambPoeticalSketches《素描诗集》
f.RobertBurns(彭斯1759-1796苏格兰):
thegreatestsongwriter;
thenationalpoetofScotland;
thepeople’spoet
lyricsonloveandfriendship;
simplicity;
ScotchdialectsMyHeart’sintheHighland
ARed,RedRose;
AuldLangSyne《旧日美好时光》;
Fora’Thatanda’That《不管那一套》
4)戏剧
a.JohnGay(盖伊1685-1732):
TheBeggar’sOpera《乞丐歌剧》:
oneofthemostconspicuousstagetriumphs
b.RichardBrinsleySheridan(谢立丹1751-1816喜剧作家):
tendencytoRealism
theartificialcomedy(风俗喜剧)&
anti-sentimentalmovement顶峰TheRivals《情敌》