Shouldwebananimaltesting是否应该禁止动物实验.docx

Shouldwebananimaltesting是否应该禁止动物实验.docx

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Shouldwebananimaltesting是否应该禁止动物实验

Should-we-ban-animal-testing-是否应该禁止动物实验

THISHOUSEWOULDBANANIMALTESTING

Animalshavearightnottobeharmed.

POINT:

Thedifferencesbetweenusandothervertebratesareamatterofdegreeratherthankind. Notonlydotheycloselyresembleusanatomicallyandphysiologically,butsotoodotheybehaveinwayswhichseemtoconveymeaning.Theyrecoilfrompain,appeartoexpressfearofatormentor,andappeartotakepleasureinactivities;apointcleartoanyonewhohasobservedthebehaviourofapetdogonhearingtheword“walk”.Ourreasonsforbelievingthatourfellowhumansarecapableofexperiencingfeelingslikeourselvescansurelyonlybethattheyresembleusbothinappearanceandbehaviour（wecannotreadtheirminds）.Thusanyanimalsharingouranatomical,physiological,andbehaviouralcharacteristicsissurelylikelytohavefeelingslikeus.Ifweacceptastrueforsakeofargument,thatallhumanshavearightnottobeharmed,

itisunlikelythathumanitywouldstopkillinganimalseitherforfood,topreventoverpopulationorbyaccidentallofwhichwouldhavetobethecaseifanimalsfeelingofpleasureandpainandresultingrightshadtobetakenintoaccount. 

Animalresearchnecessitatessignificantharmtotheanimalsinvolved.

POINT:

Animalresearch,byitsverynaturenecessitatesharmtotheanimals.Eveniftheyarenotmadetosufferaspartoftheexperiment,thevastmajorityofanimalsused,mustbekilledattheconclusionoftheexperiment.With115millionanimalsbeingusedinthestatusquothisisnosmallissue.Evenifweweretovastlyreduceanimalexperimentation,releasingdomesticatedanimalsintothewild,wouldbeadeathsentence,andithardlyseemsrealistictothinkthatmanybehaviourallyabnormalanimals,oftenmiceorrats,mightbereadilymoveableintothepettrade.Itisprimafasciaeobvious,thatitisnotintheinterestoftheanimalsinvolvedtobekilled,orharmedtosuchanextentthatsuchkillingmightseemmerciful.Eveniftheoppositioncounterargument,thatanimalslackthecapacitytotrulysuffer,isbelieved,researchshouldnonethelessbebannedinordertopreventthedeathofmillionsofanimals.

COUNTERPOINT:

Firstly,duetoourlargerandmoresophisticatedbrains,onewouldexpecttheaveragehumantohaveagreatmanymoreintereststhananyanimal,forthoseintereststobemorecomplexandinterconnected,andfortheretobeagreatercapacityforreflectionandcomprehensionofthesatisfactiongleanedfromtherealisationofsuchinterests.Thus,wecanascribegreatervaluetothelifeofahumanthanananimal,andthusconcludetheretobelessharminpainlesslykillingananimalthanahuman.Secondly,totheextentthatresearchonanimalsisofbenefittohumans,itisthuspermissibletoconductexperimentsrequiringeuthanasiaoftheanimalsubjects.

Researchcanbedoneeffectivelywithoutexperimentingonlivingcreature.

POINT:

Asexperimentingonanimalsisimmoralweshouldstopusinganimalsforexperiments.Butapartfromitbeingmorallywrongpracticallywewillneverknowhowmuchwewillbeabletoadvancewithoutanimalexperimentationifweneverstopexperimentingonanimals.Animalresearchhasbeenthehistoricalgoldstandard,andinthecaseofsomechemicalscreeningtests,wasformanyyears,bymanywesternstates,requiredbylawbeforeacompoundcouldbereleasedonsale.Scienceandtechnologyhasmovedfasterthanresearchprotocolshowever,andsothereisnolongeraneedforanimalstobeexperimentedon.Wenowknowthechemicalpropertiesofmostsubstances,andpowerfulcomputersallowustopredicttheoutcomeofchemicalinteractions.Experimentingonlivetissueculturealsoallowsustogaininsightastohowlivingcellsreactwhenexposedtodifferentsubstances,withnoanimalsrequired.Evenhumanskinleftoverfromoperationsprovidesaneffectivemediumforexperimentation,andbeinghuman,providesamorereliableguidetothelikelyimpactonahumansubject.Thepreviousnecessityoftheuseofanimalsisnolongeragoodexcuseforcontinueduseofanimalsforresearch.Wewouldstillretainallthebenefitsthatpreviousanimalresearchhasbroughtusbutshouldnotengageinanymore.Thusmodernresearchhasnoexcuseforusinganimals.

COUNTERPOINT:

Mostdevelopedcountries,includingtheUnitedStatesandthemember-statesoftheEuropeanUnion,haveregulationsandlawswhichrequiretheresearchmethodsthatdonotinvolveanimalmodelsshouldbeusedwherevertheywouldproduceequallyaccurateresults.Inotherwords,scientistsarebarredfromusinganimalsinresearchwherenon-animalmethodswouldbejustaseffective.

Further,researchanimalsareextremelyexpensivetobreed,houseandcarefor.Developedcountrieshaveverystrictlawsgoverningthewelfareofanimalsusedinresearch;obtaini