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cultureonthesurface,deeperimplicationswillberevealed.Thispaperfirstintroducesthedefinitionandvalueofghostculture,thenpresentsdifferentghosts'

conceptsofChineseandwesternpeople.Usually,literaturesandfolkcustomsarethemeanscultureusedtointerprettheworld.Inthiscase,thispaperanalyzesthedifferencesofChineseandwesternghosts'

culturefromtheperspectivesofliteratureandfolkcustom,andprobesintothereasonsofthedifferences.Fromthisspecialperspectiveofghosts'

culture,peoplecanhaveanunderstandingaboutthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternculturalsoastopromotecross-culturalcommunication.

KeyWords:

Chineseandwesternculture;

ghosts'

culture;

literature;

festival;

funeral.

摘要

鬼文化是世界性的文化现象，中西方都有着生动、悠久的鬼文化历史。

受文化背景的影响，每个地域鬼文化都有着不同于其它地域鬼文化的鲜明特点。

对中西方鬼文化的比较研究，是从表层次的异同进入到更深层次的文化分析。

这篇论文首先介绍鬼文化的定义以及价值。

其次，分别介绍中西方人对鬼文化的认知。

从文学和民俗的角度对比中西方鬼文化的差异，并在此基础上分析总结出中西方鬼文化差异的原因。

从鬼文化这个特殊的角度出发，人们了解中西方文化差异，从而促进跨文化交际。

关键字：

中西方文化；

鬼文化；

鬼文学；

鬼节日；

葬礼

Contents

TOC\o"

1-3"

\h\uHYPERLINK\l_Toc306041.Induction1

HYPERLINK\l_Toc293852.IntroductiontoGhosts'

Culture2

HYPERLINK\l_Toc111372.1DefinitionofGhosts'

HYPERLINK\l_Toc101762.2.ValueofGhosts'

Culture3

HYPERLINK\l_Toc37753.GhostConceptsinChineseandWesternCulture4

HYPERLINK\l_Toc65933.1GhostsConceptsinChineseCulture4

HYPERLINK\l_Toc325573.2Ghosts'

ConceptsinWesternCulture5

HYPERLINK\l_Toc103024.AnalysisofChineseandWesternGhosts'

Culture6

HYPERLINK\l_Toc69084.1ChineseandWesternGhostsCultureinLiterature6

HYPERLINK\l_Toc192374.1.1ChineseGhosts'

CultureinLiterature6

HYPERLINK\l_Toc273754.1.2WesternGhosts'

CultureinLiterature7

HYPERLINK\l_Toc241784.1.3DifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternGhosts'

HYPERLINK\l_Toc82484.2ChineseandWesternGhosts'

CultureinFolkCustoms8

HYPERLINK\l_Toc18344.2.1ChineseGhosts'

HYPERLINK\l_Toc25514.2.2WesternGhosts'

CultureinfolkCustoms9

HYPERLINK\l_Toc259424.2.3DifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternGhosts'

CultureinFolkCustoms9

HYPERLINK\l_Toc183884.3ReasonsforthedifferencesinChineseandWesternGhosts'

Culture10

HYPERLINK\l_Toc88924.3.1ReligiousReasons10

HYPERLINK\l_Toc108314.3.2SocialReasons12

HYPERLINK\l_Toc113594.3.3IdeologicalReason12

HYPERLINK\l_Toc304015.Conclusion13

HYPERLINK\l_Toc5397Bibliography15

AnAnalysisofChineseandWesternGhosts'

Culture

1.Induction

cultureisaworldwidephenomenon.Althoughitisthemostspecialpartofculture,ghosts'

cultureiscloselyconnectedwithmanyotherpartsofculture,suchasliterature,folkcustoms,philosophy,psychology,religion,etc.Itisanimportantpartofculturalnottobeignored.

Actually,theexistenceofghosts'

culturecanbedatedbackfromtheappearingofhumancivilization.Ithasinfluencedhumansocialideologygreatly.InChina,ghostresearchhasnowbecomeaspecializedsubject.Inthewesternworld,ghostresearchisverypopularandhasformeditsownbranchoflearning.

Fromthereligiousghostbelieftovarioustaboosindailylife;

fromallkindsofliteratureworksonghoststhemetovarioushorrormovies;

fromChineseghostfestivaltowesternHalloween;

fromscientificresearchtopopularentertainment,suchastheHauntedHouse,ghosts'

culturemaintainsenduringstatuswhereverandwheneverthroughoutthehistory.Itattractsalotofscholarsfromdifferentacademicbackgroundintheworld.Thenhowisitformed?

Peoplethinkthattheirthoughtsandfeelingsarenotphysicalbehaviorbutbehaviorofthesoulintheirbodyanddisappearaftertheirdeath.InEngels'

sopinion,thereasonwhypeoplethinklikethatisthathumanofhighantiquitydonotknowtheirphysicalstructureandtheyareinfluencedbythesceneintheirdream.（Wang173）.Inremoteantiquity,peoplebegantothinkabouttherelationshipbetweenthesoulandtheworld:

nowthatsoulsexistevenafterdeath,theywillnotdisappearbythemselves.Thentheideaofimmortalsoulsandghostsgraduallyforms.Ghostisafruitbaredbyhumanthoughts.Theremustbesomerelationshipbetweenthemysteriousghostphenomenonandhumansociety.（Fiske6）.Thatistosay,ghostisamirrorthatreflectshumanworld.Oncetheconceptofghostexists,itwillpermeateintopeople'

sthoughtsandinfluencetheirviewofworld.（Wang169）.Besides,ghosts'

cultureinvolvesmanyotheraspectsofculture.JustasXuHualongmentionedthatghostwasrelatedtomanyacademiccirclessuchasliterature,folk-custom,art,philosophy,psychologyandreligion.（XuHL1）.Hence,researchinghostcultureprovidesagoodfoundationforresearchofliteratureandfolk-custom.（Feng32）.

Inancient,attemptingtocommunicatewithghosts,peoplecreatedwitchcraft,whichformedthebasisoflaterghost-relatedfolk-customs.Theirattempttoexpressghostfeelingsinliteratureandartformedthebasisoflatercorrespondingpartsofghosts'

culture

Thispaperanalyzesdifferentghostsphenomenonsunderdifferentculturebackgroundandhowsignificantistheimpactofghostsonculture.Thispaperinterpretstheghosts'

cultureintermsofliteratureandfolk-custom.Throughrevealingdifferentvalueshiddenindifferentghosts'

culture,itbenefitscross-cultural.

2.IntroductiontoGhosts'

AccordingtoOxfordAdvancedLearner'

sEnglish-ChineseDictionary,“ghost”wasdefinedas"

thespiritofadeadpersonappearingtosomebodywhoisstilllivingperson"

.（"

Ghost,"

def.620）.

cultureismysterious,andalwaysarousesgreatcuriosityofhumanfromancienttimestoourtimes.Afterthousandsyearsofexploration,plentyofsignificantachievementsaremade,suchasghostfictions,ghostfestivals,ghostsartworks.Itisallthesethingscomposedtheghosts'

cultureofanarea.

2.1DefinitionofGhosts'

Inlate19century,anthropologistEdwardBurnettTaylorfoundthatbeforethereligioncameintobeing,manwasscaredofdeath.Theyweresurprisedatnotonlythedifferencesbetweendeadbodyandlivinghumanbodybutalsothephenomenonofbreathanddream.（XuXL77）.

Asaresult,theysuspectedthatamanwasconsistedoftwoparts:

thebodyandthesoul.Thusghostconceptcameintobeing.

TheancientChinesephilosopherXunZithoughtghostwasaproductcreatedbyhuman.Peoplethinkthattheyactuallyseetheghost,inXunZi'

sview,alwaysundertheconditionofjadedness.Henceghostisapartofhuman'

simagination.（XuCC52）.

Asfortheghostculture,asitsliteralmeaningsuggests,itreferstothepartoftheculturerelatedtotheghost.Specificallyspeaking,ghostcultureisakindofillusoryculturalphenomenonthatderivedfromman'

sdeath,funeral,necromancyandcult.Andghostculturealsoreferstoaunionpartofman'

sbelief,opinion,mentalityandactiontowardghostsincludingitssocialinfluence.（Huang1）.

Soghosts'

cultureismorelikeakindofbeliefinarealsense.Superficially,itcanbereferredtodifferentmanifestationshumanusedtoexpressghostsfeelings.

Inaword,humancreatedghosts'

culture.Itisanexpressionofhumanthoughtsaboutdeathandareflectionoftherealworld.

2.2.ValueofGhosts'

Researchofghostcultureprovidesagoodfoundationforliteratureandfolk-customresearch.Ghostcultureresearchcanpromotethedevelopmentofliteratureandfolkcustoms.（XuHL10）.Dullandrigidartandliteraryworksarecountlessthroughoutthehistory.However,theycanbegivenanewlifeandbecomecreativeafterghostelementsareinjected.Becauseofghosts,plentyofartisticformsareproduced,suchasJapaneseghostdance,ChineseghostOpera,paintingscreatedbySpanishvampirepainterVictoriaFrances.Artistscreatedtheseartworksbasedontheirunderstandingofghosts'

culture.Thatistosay,theseinnovationscouldnotbemadewithouttheadditionofghosts'

culture.

Moreover,theresearchofghosts'

culturecanrevealtheridiculoussuperstitionsandhelppeopletodealwithitinascientificway.Foralongtime,thesuperstitionofghostispopularinChina.Eventoday,morethanafewpeoplearestillpossessedbyghostsuperstitions.TakearealtragedyhappenedinHaiancountyofJiangsuprovinceforinstance.ThegovernmentpublishedthatgroundburialisbannedpermanentlyforthecitizenslivinginthecountysinceMarch5,1993.Consequently,aboutfortypeoplecommittedsuicidebeforethedatesotoensurethattheirbodiescanbeperfectlyburiedintotheground.Theybelievedthatthatwouldlettheirsoulsfindpeace.Andiftheyacceptcremation,itwouldnotonlydestroytheirremains,butalsoruinthechancereincarnateandlivetheirhumanlifecontinuously.Superstitionsarealsoexistedinthewesterncountries.Accordingtothelatestsurvey,57%Americansconfessthattheybelieveinsuperstitions.And24%Americans