特别有用有关于The Call of the Wild的全英文论文.docx

特别有用有关于The Call of the Wild的全英文论文.docx

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特别有用有关于TheCalloftheWild的全英文论文

ChapterOneIntroduction

JackLondon,whoserealnameisJohnGriffithLondon,wasbornonJanuary12,1876.Hewasachildbornoutofwedlock,“theillegitimatesonofW.H.Chaney,atalentedandself-taughtmanwhobecameanastrologer,andFloraWellman,aneccentricwomanfromawealthyOhiofamilywhowasbothaspiritualistandmusicteacher.”（吴,1900:

111）.Londongrewupinextremepovertyandhadreallyrichlifeexperienceswhichwererarelyexperiencedbyotherwritersintheworld.“Fromearliestyouthhesupportedhimselfwithmenialanddangerousjobs,experiencingprofoundlythestruggleforsurvivalthatmostotherwritersandintellectualsknewonlyfromobservationorbooks.”（吴,1900:

111）Hebegantoworkforlifeafterhefinishedprimaryschoolandlaterbecameaheadofpunkwithmanyskills.Thenheworkedinacanneryandasanoysterpirate,seaman,jutemillworker,andcoalshoveler.Aftercrossingmuchofthecontinentasamemberof“Coxey’sArmy”,hewasjailedforthirtydaysforvagrancy.Atthispointhedeterminedtoeducatehimselfinordertoimprovehisownconditionandthatofothers.ThosespecificlifeexperiencesprovidedabundantmaterialsforLondon’slaterworks.In1900,heproducedhisfirststoriesTheSonofWolfwhichwonhimthenationwidereputation.Sincethenbecauseofhisuniquestyleofworks,hisstorieswerelovedbyalmosteveryoneintheworld.

TheCalloftheWildisoneofthemasterpiecesofJackLondon,whichwascombinedwithhisexperiencesinthenorthwhenhewasengagedinlookingforgold.ItisastoryaboutadognamedBuck.BuckwasalargedoggivenbirthtobyaSt.Bernarddogandacolliemixedbreeddog.Hewaswild,sensitiveandwiththeheavywolfidentityindeepheart.Hewasdiligentwhenhepulledthesledwhileheshowedhisfiercenessandwitwhenhewasfighting.OriginallyBuckhadlivedinajudge’sfamilyandhadenjoyedacomfortablelife,buthewasstolenbythejudge’sgardenerandsoldtothepostoffice.Intheend,hewassenttoAlaskatopullmailsledincoldarea.BuckwasoncesoldtotwoFrenchCanadiansandwastreatedbadlybythecruelandinexorablemen.Afteraperiodoftime,hehadlearnedhowtopullsledsandkepttrekkingdayafterdayintheiceandsnow.Toacclimatizehimselfbettertothenewcruelconditions,helearnedtostealtocomforthishungryandtoquenchhisthirstbygettingwaterfrombreakingtheice.

Andinordertocompetefortheleadership,dogswerefightingeachotherallthetime,whensomeoneevengotkilled.Buckwasanaturalleaderandwasphysicallysuperior.Hewasbraveandwittyandneverremainedinasubordinatepositionforalongperiod.SoBuckfinallybeattheoldleaderSpitsandbecameanewleader.Heseemedtohaveagoodmanagerialcompetence.Byusingincentivesandpenaltiesinappropriatesituations,Buckmanagedthedogteamorderly,becauseofwhichhemadethetripprocessingsmoothly.InBuck’shearttherewerenolongercompassionandmercy,onlythesimpleprincipleembraced:

tokill,orbekilled;eatorbeeaten.

Buckhadbeenexchangedseveraltimesbyseveralowners.Afterhefinallyhadbeenhurtgreatly,JohnThorntonkepthimandofferedhimintensivecarewhichmadehimrecoververyfastandasincereaffectionbetweenBuckandJohnThorntonhadengendered.Buckwasveryfaithfultohisbenefactor,JohnThornton.HetwiceriskedhislifetosaveJohn’s.Unfortunately,JohnwaskilledbyIndiansintheprocessoffossickingforgold.Withunbridledrage,BuckkilledseveralIndians,bywhichheavengedJohn.Eventually,herespondedtothecallofthewildinhisdeepheart,gotintotheforest,joinedthewolfcompany,andlivedaprimitiveanimallife.

ThelocationinthenovelLondonselectedwasinthenorthofCanada,theworldoficeandsnowinAlaskaneartheArctic,wheretheenvironmentwasextremelydangerous.Thewildernesswheretherewasnopeace,lifeandbodywereatriskallthetime,madeitanunavoidablerealitythatonlythestrongsurvivedinsuchaphysicalenvironment.Andinthatsituation,anyeffortstosurvivewerereasonable;gentlenoble,andhumilitywereallweakperformancethere.Therefore,BuckadaptingquicklytotheenvironmentintheNorthwasactuallythehymnofnaturalselectionandsurvivalofthefittest.ThisarticlewillfocusonboththeacquisitionofabilityandchangesinthoughtsoftheheroBuck,whileheexperiencedthechangesoftheenvironment,toelaboratethesurvivalofthefittestideasinTheCalloftheWild.

Thisarticleisdividedintothreechapters.AnanalysisoftheSurvivaloftheFittestideologyinTheCalloftheWildistobegivenbyanexplorationintothechangesofBuck'slifeenvironment,histhoughtsandhowhisabilityisacquired.ThenBuck’sadaptiontothechangingenvironmentisunderstood,whichreflectstheide