世界经济Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Effectiveuseofeconomicglobalization,theworld'

sresourcesforcountriestoprovidemoredevelopmentopportunities,butalsogreatlyenrichedandfacilitatedpeople'

sdailylives.

Economicglobalization,countriesbecomemorecompetitive,creativityandinnovation,sothatcountriescangetrich.

Globalizationmeansneweconomicgrowth,althoughgrowthinthisperiodthereisarisk,butthedevelopedanddevelopingcountriesinincreasingnationalwealth,arethebeneficiariesofglobalization.

2.1.2Themeaningoffreetrade

FreetradethattheGovernmentdoesnotadopttariffs,quotasorotherformofinterventionininternationaltradepolicy.Freetradeistheabolitionofnationalrestrictionsandbarrierstotheimportandexporttrade,theabolitionoftheirprivilegesandprerogativesoftheimportandexportgoods,importandexportcommoditieswithoutinterferenceandrestrictions,tofreeimportandexportofgoods,freecompetitioninthedomesticmarket,tradepolicy.

2.1.3Absoluteandcomparativeadvantage

Absoluteadvantage

Unit:

Perhour

Coconuts

Fish

Crusoe

10

1

Friday

30

2

CrusoeFishingcalculatedbythetableoutputis1hour,Fridayfishproductionisoneeveryhalfhour（or2perhour）,itclearlyhasanabsoluteadvantageFridayfishing.Infact,empathyisalsoknownFridayAbstractcoconutabsoluteadvantage.

2.1.4Reasonfortradeprotectionism

Tradeprotectionism,istoimplementrestrictionsonforeigntradeingoodsimportstoprotecttheirgoodsinthedomesticmarketfromforeigncompetition,toprovidevariousincentivestotheirproductstoenhanceitsinternationalcompetitivenessofideasandpolicies.

InMarch2002,theUnitedStatestotheEuropeanUnion,Japanandothercountry'

sexportsofsteelproducts8damagetothegroundsoftheU.S.steelindustry,theuseof"

201"

announcedavarietyofsteelthree-yearlevyimporttaxrateof30overall%.IncreaseinretaliationforU.S.tariffsonsteelimportsinJune,theEuropeanUnionforimposingontheU.S.partofthe100%tariff,Mexico,Japan,SouthKorea,alsohavetoraisetariffsortotakeemergencysafeguardmeasures.AlthoughtheWTOultimatelyruledthattheU.S.violatedWTOrules,butthesteeltradewartobothsidesbroughtgreatlosses,itisestimatedthat2002,theEuropeanUnionalonelost$240million.TheUnitedStateshundredsofmillionsinlossestobearnearlythesametime,itledto74,000unemployedsteelconsumers,moreharmthangood.

In2003,theUnitedStatesbecauseofmadcowdisease,SouthKoreabannedimportsofU.S.beef.InApril2008,topromotetheKorea-USfreetradeagreement,KoreareachedanagreementtorelaxtheimportofU.S.beef.ThisagreementinSouthKoreawasastrongprotestandboycott,June10,approximatelyonemillionSouthKoreansinSeoulstreetralliestoprotestthegovernmentimportsofU.S.beef.19,SouthKoreanPresidentLeeMyung-bakapologizedtotheKoreanpeople.AnalystsbelievethattheKorea-US"

beefcrisis"

isthetraditionaleconomicnationalismandthedevelopmenttrendofglobalfreetradebetweenthecollisionandastrongcontest.KoreaEconomicResearchInstitute'

sanalysisshowsthat"

notonlytoKoreaandtheU.S.broughtaseriouspoliticalcrisis,whileofferingupto$2.5billionineconomiclosses.

2.1.5Twobarrierstotrade

HaierwashingmachinesinSeptember2010onthe"

homewashingmachineErPdraftregulations,"

thethreeamendmentsproposedbytheEuropeanUnionadoptedasdraftamendmentstoachievethe"

voice"

oftheonlyChinesecompanies.EuropeanErPDirectiveEuPDirectivewasoriginally（theEuropeanCommissionin2009toupgradetoErPDirective）,isthesecondWEEE,ROHSDirective,theEUanothermajortechnicalbarriersforenergydirectivethat"

eco-designrequirementsforenergyproductsdirective."

Thedirectivefocusesonproductenergyconsumptionofresourcesandtheimpactontheenvironment,focusingonenergy-consumingproductsfromtheentirelifecycletoregulate.Typically,EUPDirectivewillaffectexportswashingmachines,itrequirestheproductfromthedesign,untiltheendoflifemustfollowtherequirementsofenvironmentalprotection,whichmakesalotofsubstandardenterpriseshavebeeneliminated.Astoobtainthedraftamendmentstothe"

oftheonlyChinesecompany,Haierwashingmachinesproposedamendmentsareaccepted,alsorepresentsChina'

sabilitytodealwithtechnicalbarrierstotradeinprogress.

ZhoushanZhejiangprovinceofproduceoffrozenshrimpwithabigtastefreshwell-knownathomeandabroad,Europeishisyearsoftraditionalmarkets.However,inJanuary2002,azhoushanfrozenshrimpwassuddenlysomeEuropeancompanybackgoods,andclaim,askareason,originallyfromlocalprocuratorialdepartmentsoffrozenshrimpinzhoushanfoundoutthe1billionpointsof0.2gramsofchloramphenicol.Thesurveyfound,linkintheprocessing,peelshrimptobyhand,someworkersbecausesomewokers'

fingersitchbearhard,withcontainofchloramphenicolincludingtheitching,theresultswillbechloramphenicolintofrozenshrimp,causeseriousdamage.

2.1.6TheroleofWTO

BecausethescopeoftheWTOinpromotingworldtradeliberalizationandeconomicglobalizationthroughtariffandtradeagreementstomaketheworldasignificantdeclineintarifflevels,greatlycontributedtoworldwidetradeliberalization.Inaddition,WTOisstillinagriculture,textiletrade,securitymeasures,anti-dumpingandcountervailingmeasures,investment,tradeinservices,intellectualpropertyandotheraspectsoftheoperatingmechanismtomakeapro-tradeprovisionsofthedevelopmentoftheseagreementsandtheWTOliberalizationagreementswillimproveandglobaleconomicintegration,theglobaldivisionoflaboranddeepeningofthebroad-baseddevelopment,developmentofinternationaltradetolayastablefoundationfortheforeigntradeinnationaleconomicdevelopmentaremoreimportant.2.1.7TheroleofEUinpromotingtrade.

2.1.7TheroleofEUinpromotingtrade

TheEuropeanUnionrepresentativetheEuropeanUnionandisaneconomicunion,aimstoabolishtariffsandquotasmembers,commontariffsandquotas,limitingfactorsandcoordinationandunityofeconomicpolicyandsystemmovement.Itsetrules,amonitormemberstates,tosolvethedisputebetweenmemberstatesandproblems,andothercountriesorinternationalorganizationsonbehalfofthenegotiationseumembers.TheeuaimstopromotethefreetradeintheEuropeanUnionandsmoothinternalmeasures,includingsimplifiedstateandlocallegislationrulessimpleinternalmarket（slim）andEuropeanbusinesstestboard.Forexample,inOctober16,,theEuropeanUnionandthesouthKoreangovernmentsignedafree-tradeagreement$100billionaftertwoyearsofnegotiationsandtheEuropeanUnionwillliftimporttariffsfromSouthKoreatextileandcarinthenextthreeyears.ThiswillpromotefreetradeandtheEuropeanUnionhavepositiveimpactontheeconomy.

2.2Thebalanceofpaymentsandexchangerate

2.2.1BalanceofPaymentsandGeneraltrendsinUKTrade

A）currentaccountcanbedividedintofourclasses:

tradeingoods,servicestrade,incomeandcurrenttransfer.Fromforeignpositivenetincomecorrespondingtoacurrentaccountsurplus,andnegativenetincomeofforeigncorrespondingtoacurrentaccountdeficit.

Thisisinrecentyearstradestatistics.

HerearethecurrentaccountbalancediagramandthechartoftradeingoodsandservicesintheUKoverthepast20years.

Thecurrentbalancedeficitisusuallyinthepast30years.Britishrecordedcurrent-accountdeficitineveryyearsince1984.Before1984,thecurrent-accountsurplusrecordin1980in1983toin.From1984to1989,thecurrentaccountdeficitsteadilyincreasingreachedahighof25.5billionpounds,equivalentto-4.9%ofthegrossdomesticproduct（GDP）.From1990to1997,thecurrentaccountdeficitdowntoalowof1billionpounds.Between1998and2006,thecurrentaccountdeficitwidenedsharply,peakingat43.8billionpounds.Thisiswhenarecordcashuseonlyequaltothegrossdomesticproduct（GDP）-3.3%.Inthepasttwoyears,haveareducethecurrentaccountdeficit-in2008ithasnowreached25.1billion,equivalentto1.7%ofGDP.

Obviously,Britainhadalargedeficittradeofgoodsinthepast30years,thedeficitgreatlyincreasebeer,becomefrom1998in2008toin,theservicetradesurplussteadydevelopment,andnotbecauseoftheobviousdeficits.Tradeingoodsaccountnetearningsrecord1980in1982toin,largelyduetoexportgrowthinthenorthseaoil.Sincethen,however,themerchandisetradeindeficitaccount.Deficitincreasesignificantly,butinthelate1980sto24.7billionpeakin1989,beforenarrowingfromthe1990slevelbetween10billionand14billion.In1998thedeficitjumpedbymorethan9billion,andithassincecontinuedtorise,toacashrecord92.9billionin2008.

TherearetwokindsofdifferentinvestmentcombinationIncome-DirectinvestmentIncomeandIncome.ThedirectinvestmentroutetheprofitsfromtheoverseasincomeoftheUKcompany'

sbranchandrelatedcompanies.Andsecuritiesinvestmentincomebondinterestanddividends,overseascompanyofBritainheldandresidents.

Herehasachartoftheincome10years.

Incomepartshowsthepositive