浙大宁波理工学院外语平台五学期Word文档格式.docx

浙大宁波理工学院外语平台五学期Word文档格式.docx

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Topredictthefutureisnotalwayseasy.Butfewrichcountriesareanticipatingit.Theyshouldbetemperingtheviciouscircleofhigherretirementspending,heaviertaxesonworkersandfewerchildren.Thismeansgraduallyraisingretirementagesandscalingbackbenefits,especiallyforwealthierretirees.

1.Thelossofpopulationinrichcountriesisdirectlydueto

A.emigrationtoothercountries.

B.lowerbirthrate.

C.theageingproblem.

D.theinfluenceoftheworldeconomy.

正确答案:

lowerbirthrate.

题目详解:

2.Thedecliningpopulationinrichcountrieswillmainlycause

A.adecreaseoftheeconomyinthesecountries.

B.moreimmigrantsfrompoorercountries.

C.greatereconomicburdenontheyounger.

D.extendedworking-ageofeachindividual.

greatereconomicburdenontheyounger.

3.Ageingwillbringanewroundofpopulationdeclinebecause

A.theimmigrationpolicywillhavetobetightenedintime.

B.morecapitalwillbeshiftedtopoorercountriesforinvestment.

C.peoplewillfinditfinanciallydifficulttosupportbigfamilies.

D.thenaturalgrowthofpopulationwillbeadverselyaffected.

peoplewillfinditfinanciallydifficulttosupportbigfamilies.

4.Onewaytogetenoughmoneytofeedtheageinggenerationisto

A.givefinancialrewardstofamilieswithmorechildren.

B.buildupmorepowerfulindustries.

C.earndividendsfromoverseasinvestment.

D.reducethenumberofimmigrants.

earndividendsfromoverseasinvestment.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,whichmeasureshouldrichcountriestake?

A.reducingthebenefitsofricherretirees

B.makingpowerfulconstitutions.

C.loweringstartingageofworkers.

D.makingattractiveimmigrationpolicies.

reducingthebenefitsofricherretirees

Thepromiseoffindinglong-termtechnologicalsolutionstotheproblemsofworldfoodshortagesseemsdifficulttofulfill.Manyinnovationsthatwereonceheavilysupportedandpublicized,suchasfish-proteinconcentrateandproteinfromalgaegrownonpetroleumsubstrates,havesincefallenbythewayside.Theproposalsthemselvesweretechnologicallyfeasible,buttheyprovedtobeeconomicallyunavailableandtoyieldfoodproductsculturallyunacceptabletotheirconsumers.RecentinnovationssuchasOpaque-2maize,Antarctickrill,andthewheatryehybridtriticaleseemmorepromising,butitistooearlytopredicttheirultimatefate.

Onecharacteristiccommontounsuccessfulfoodinnovationshasbeenthat,evenwithextensivegovernmentsupport,theyoftenhavenotbeentechnologicallyadaptedorculturallyacceptabletothepeopleforwhomtheyhadbeendeveloped.Asuccessfulnewtechnology,therefore,mustfittheentiresocio-culturalsysteminwhichitistofindaplace.Securityofcropyield,practicalityofstorage,palatability,andcostsaremuchmoresignificantthanhadpreviouslybeenrealizedbytheadvocatesofnewtechnologies.Forexample,thebetterproteinqualityintortillasmadefromQpaque-2maizewillbeofonlylimitedbenefittoafamilyonthemarginofsubsistenceifthenewmaizeisnotculturallyacceptableorismorevulnerabletoinsects.

Theadoptionofnewfoodtechnologiesdependsonmorethanthesetechnicalandculturalconsiderations；

Economicfactorsandgovernmentalpoliciesalsostronglyinfluencetheultimatesuccessofanyinnovation.EconomistsintheAnglo-Americantraditionhavetakentheleadininvestigatingtheeconomicsoftechnologicalinnovation.Althoughtheyexaggerateinclaimingthatprofitabilityisthekeyfactorguidingtechnicalchanging—theycompletelydisregardthesubstantialeffectsofculture—theyarecorrectinstressingtheimportanceofprofits.Mosttechnologicalinnovationsinagriculturecanbefullyusedonlybylargelandownersandareonlyadoptediftheseprofit-orientedbusinesspeoplebelievethattheyincreasetheirincomes.Thus,innovationsthatcarryhighrewardsforbigagribusinessgroupswillbeadoptedeveniftheyharmsegmentsofthepopulationandreducetheavailabilityoffoodinacountry.Further,shouldanewtechnologypromisetoaltersubstantiallytheprofitsandlossesassociatedwithanyproductionsystem,thosewitheconomicpowerwillstrivetomaintainandimprovetheirownpositions.Sincelargesegmentsofthepopulationsofmanydevelopingcountriesareclosetothesubsistencemarginandessentiallypowerless,theytendtobethelosersinthissystemunlesstheyareaidedbyagovernmentpolicythattakesintoaccounttheneedsofallsectorsoftheeconomy.Therefore,althoughtechnicaladvancesinfoodproductionandprocessingwillperhapsbeneededtoensurefoodavailability,meetingfoodneedswilldependmuchmoreonequalizingeconomicpoweramongthevarioussegmentsofthepopulationswithinthedevelopingcountriesthemselves.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,whatis/areimportanttothesuccessofanewfood?

A.Profitabilityandhighrewards.

B.Economicfactorsandgovernmentalpolicies.

C.Qualityofthecrop’sprotein.

D.Culturalacceptabilityofthecrop.

Culturalacceptabilityofthecrop.

2.Thesuccessfulapplicationoftechnologicalinnovationswillbelargelydeterminedby

A.theproductionsystemofacountry.

B.Whethertheyareculturallyacceptabletotheirconsumers.

C.largesegmentsofthepopulationsofmanydevelopingcountries.

D.largelandownersandprofit-orientedbusinesspeople.

largelandownersandprofit-orientedbusinesspeople.

3.Wecaninferfromthetextthat

A.TheOpaque-2maizeismoresusceptibletoinsectsthanareothervarietiesofmaize.

B.TheOpaque-2maizeisamorerecentinnovationthantheuseoffish-proteinconcentrate.

C.TheOpaque-2maizeismorepopularthanthewheat-ryehybrid.

D.TheOpaque-2maizecanbestoredaseasilyasothervarietiesofmaize.

TheOpaque-2maizeisamorerecentinnovationthantheuseoffish-proteinconcentrate.

4.Indevelopingcountries,theintroductionofafoodinnovationneedsgovernmentalpoliciesto

A.convincelandownerstotrytheinnovation.

B.guaranteethefinancialsuccessoftheinnovation.

C.ensurethespreadofthebenefitsoftheinnovation.

D.reducethecostoftheinnovation.

ensurethespreadofthebenefitsoftheinnovation.

5.Thepurposeofthetextisto

A.showdifficultiesofapplyingtechnologicalsolutionstothefoodshortage.

B.discussthecostsofintroducinganewfoodtechnologytoadevelopingcountry.

C.introducemeansofassessingtheextentoftheworldfoodshortage.

D.analysisthenatureofnewtechnologicalinnovationsintheareaoffoodproduction.

introducemeansofassessingtheextentoftheworldfoodshortage.

EducatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropoutsbetweenthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPhDs.Somehaveplacedthedropouts’lossashighas50percent.Theextentofthelosswas,however,largelyamatterofexpertguessing.Lastweekawell-roundedstudywaspublished.Itwasbasedon22.000questionnairessenttoformergraduatesstudentswhowereenrolledin24universitiesanditseemedtoshowmanypastfearstobegroundless.

Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percent,andinmostcasesthedropouts,whilenotcompletingthePhDrequirement,wentontoproductivework.Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,