专业英语Word下载.docx

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place"

iscivilengineering.Civilengineeringdirectlywiththepeopleofthe"

food,clothing,shelter,line"

arecloselyrelated,isoneoftheoldestsubjects,butitisaccompaniedbythedevelopmentofotherrelateddisciplines,deepeningtheneedsofeconomicconstructionandsocialprogress,continuetoexpand.

Keyword.

Thebasicconceptofcivilengineering.Thedevelopmenthistory.Characteristicsanddevelopmentprospects

Introduction.

Intherapideconomicdevelopment,atthesametime,thesurvivalpressureismoreandmorebigintoday'

ssociety,civilengineeringismoreandmoreimportant.Graduallyfromlowleveltohigh-levelarchitecturalstyle,tomeettheneedsofsocialdevelopment.ConsideringChina'

shugepopulationbase,andacceleratedtheprocessofurbanization,thedemandforhousingpressureisverybig.Theconstructionofhighway,high-speedrailwayisstillshowedatrendofdevelopmentandtransportationcivilengineeringinthe21stcenturywillhavegreatprogress.InChina,thetransportationcivilengineeringhaveambitiousplan.Civilengineering,ontotheneolithicage,under,inpeople'

slivesplayanimmeasurablerole,fromtheoriginalisjustkeepoutthecold,nowthepursuitofcomfortableandbeautiful,theproductofcivilengineeringstylemoreandmore,moreandmorechicmodellingbeautiful,functionalsomoreandmorecomplete.Withthecontinuousdevelopmentofeconomicsociety,theroleofcivilengineeringismoreandmoreprominent,theprogressofthecivilengineeringtechnologyisbecomingmoreandmorequickly,inordertoadapttothisformwemusthavemoreknowledge,moreadapttothesocialdevelopmentattheforefrontofknowledge.Civilengineeringisnotonlytosolvepeople'

sbasicmaterialneeds,butalsotothepeopletoenjoyofspiritualbeauty,butalsotorealizethehuman,materialandfinancialresourcesintheprovince;

Achieveoptimalcombination,structure,materialusageandtoensurethesafetyofpeople'

slifeandproperty.

Thetest：

First,thebasicconceptofcivilengineering

Civilengineeringistobuildallkindsofengineeringfacilitiesofscienceandtechnology.Itreferstotheapplicationofmaterials,equipmentandconductedreconnaissance,design,construction,maintenanceandothertechnicalactivities;

Alsoreferstotheobjectofengineeringconstruction,whicharebuiltonthegroundorunderground,landorwater,directlyorindirectlyforhumanlife,production,military,scientificresearchandserviceofallkindsofengineeringfacilities,suchaspipeline,houses,roads,railways,tunnels,Bridges,canals,DAMS,ports,powerstations,airports,offshoreengineering,watersupplyanddrainageandprotection.

Infrastructureconstructionoftheprojectisthematerialbasisofland,buildingmaterials,constructionequipmentandconstructionmachinery.Withtheaidofthesematerialconditions,economicandeasytobuildbothcansatisfytherequirementofpeopletouseandaestheticrequirements,undervariousloadandsafetyengineeringfacilities,isthestartingpointandend-resultofcivilengineering.

AtpresentChinesewillcivilengineeringisdividedinto:

1,thehousingproject2,therailwayengineering3,roadengineering4,theairportproject5,bridgeengineering6,tunnelandundergroundengineering7,specialengineeringstructrue8,watersupplyanddrainageengineering（nowisanindependentdiscipline）9,citygasforheatingengineering,trafficengineering,10（alreadydifferentiatedbecameanindependentdiscipline）11,environmentalengineering12,portengineering,waterconservancyproject13（alreadydifferentiatedbecameanindependentdiscipline）14,geotechnicalengineering

Second,thedevelopmenthistoryofcivilengineering

Incivilengineeringofancient,modernandmodernthreehistoricalperiods:

theancient-fromtheneolithicperiod（5000BC）tothemiddleofthe17thcentury;

Inmoderntimes-fromthemiddleofthe17thcenturytothemiddleofthe20thcentury,300years;

Modern-fromthemiddleofthe20thcenturysincetheendofthesecondworldwar.

Peopleearlyoncanonlyrelyonclay,woodandothernaturalmaterialsinconstructionactivities,thenthebrickandtileoftheartificialbuildingmaterials,makethehumanfirstbrokethroughtheshacklesofnaturalbuildingmaterials.Chinaintheearlywesternzhoudynastyinthe11thcenturyBCtocreate.TheearliestbrickappearedinthefifthcenturyBCtothethirdcenturyBCwhenthetombofthewarringstatesperiod.Brickandtilearemoresuperiorthanthesoilmechanicalproperties,canuselocalmaterials,andiseasytobeprocessed.

Theemergenceofbrickandtilemakespeoplebegantowidelyandalotofbuildingandyugoslavcapitalprojects,etc.Thusobtainedtherapiddevelopmentofcivilengineering.Until18~19century,inmorethantwothousandyearsoftime,brickandtilehasalwaysbeentheimportanceofcivilengineeringconstructionmaterials,madegreatcontributiontohumancivilization,eveninthecurrentwidelyused.Theapplicationofsteelisthesecondleapincivilengineering.Inthe17thcenturyinthe70susingpigiron,theearlynineteenthcenturybegantousewroughtironbuildingBridgesandhouses,itisapreludetoasteelstructure.&

nbsp;

Sincethemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,metallurgicalindustry,smeltingandrollingthetensileandcompressivestrengtharehigh,goodductility,eventhequalityofconstructionsteel,thenproducehighstrengthsteelwire,wirerope.Andtosatisfytheneedsofthedevelopmentofthesteelstructurewasbooming.Inadditiontotheapplicationoftheoriginalbeam,archstructure,theemergingofthetruss,framework,spacetrussstructure,cablestructuregraduallypromotion,thestructureformofflowersbloom.

Buildingspanthestructureofthebrick,stone,woodofafewmeters,dozensofmeterstohundredsofmetersofsteelstructure,afewhundredmeters,untilmodernkmabove.Sosetupabridgeontheriver,channel,andonthegroundandbuildskyscraperstoweringEiffelTower,evenunderthegroundlaidrailroad,createanunprecedentedmiracle.

Afterthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,steelproductionsurged,thenappearedthenewreinforcedconcretecompositeconstructionmaterials,includingsteeltension,concretebearthepressureandplaytheirrespectiveadvantages.Sincetheearlytwentiethcentury,reinforcedconcreteiswidelyappliedinvariousfieldsofcivilengineering.

Fromthe30s,theprestressedconcrete.Prestressedconcretestructurecrackresistance,stiffnessandbearingcapacity,andmuchhigherthanthereinforcedconcretestructure,whichUSESawider.Civilengineeringintothereinforcedconcreteandprestressedconcretedominanthistoricalperiod.Theappearanceofconcreteforbuildingbroughtnewengineeringstructureformofeconomic,beautiful,makethecivilengineeringcreatesnewconstructiontechnologyandengineeringstructuredesigntheory.Thisisanotherleapdevelopmentofcivilengineering.

Third,civilengineeringcharacteristics

Tobuildaprojectfacilitiesgenerallygothroughsurvey,designandconstructionofthethreephase,needtouseengineeringgeologicalsurveyandhydrogeologicalsurvey,engineeringsurveying,soilmechanics,engineeringmechanics,engineeringdesign,constructionmaterials,constructionequipment,engineeringmachinery,buildingeconomicdisciplinesandknowledgeinthefieldofconstructiontechnology,constructionorganization,aswellastheelectroniccomputerandmechanicaltestingtechniques.Sowideincivilengineeringisacomprehensivediscipline.Withtheprogressofscienceandtechnologyandthedevelopmentofengineeringpractice,thecivilengineeringdisciplineconnotationalsohasdevelopedintoabroadcategory,large,complexintegratedsystem.Civilengineeringisaccompaniedbythedevelopmentofhumansocietyanddeveloped.Ithasbuiltfacilitiesreflectthevarioushistoricalperiodsofsocialeconomy,culture,scienceandtechnologydevelopment,andcivilengineeringhasbecomeoneofthewitnessofsocialhistoricaldevelopment.

Manyfamousworksshowshumancreativityinthishistoricalperiod.Forexample,theGreatWallofChina,dujiangyan,thegrandcanal,thezhaozhoubridgetower,sothatthepyramidsinEgypt,GreekParthenon,wat