Seven Essential Strategies Introduced in the Translation CourseWord格式文档下载.docx

Seven Essential Strategies Introduced in the Translation CourseWord格式文档下载.docx

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5.Domesticating 

Foreignizing13

6.Formal 

Informal17

7.SyntacticLinearity19

1.amplification 

omission

1.1.Introduction

BothamplificationandomissionareusefultechniquesusedinthetranslationfromChineseintoEnglish,andviceversa.ThedifferentcharacteristicsofthestructuresbetweenChineseandEnglishmakethetranslatorsadoptproperlythetechniquesofamplificationandomissioninthetranslationpractice.

1.2.Examples

1.2.1Amplification

1）Addingsubjectsandobjects

他决心继续他的实验,不过这次将用另一种办法来做。

Heisdeterminedtocontinuehisexperimentbutthistimehe’lldoitinanotherway.

书到后应立即付款。

Youaresupposedtopayrightafterthebooksaredelivered.

2）Addingarticles

宿舍外的骚动分子分散了我的注意力。

Adisturbanceoutsidemydormitorydistractedmyattention.

你认为我花园里那红白相间的玫瑰怎么样？

Howdoyouliketheredandwhiterosesinmygarden?

任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都是由原子构成的。

Anysubstanceismadeupofatomswhereitisasolid,aliquid,oragas.

3）Addingconjunctionsandconnectivewords（and,or,but,for,so…that…,too…to,aswellas,ingeneral,withregardto,inparticular）

我告诉他该走了，他匆匆忙忙地走了。

Itoldhimitwastimetogoandhehurriedaway.

这个工作对专家来说容易，对没有经验的人来说困难。

Theworkiseasyforanexpert,whereasitisdifficultforaninexperiencedperson.

变化太小，观察不出。

Thechangeistoolittletobeobserved.

我们是多年的朋友，一旦分开，难免会依依不舍。

Sinceweareclosefriendsforyears,surelywecannottearawayfromeachother,oncewehavetopartcompany.

那对年轻夫妇当时非常穷，买不起价钱如此昂贵的彩电。

TheyoungcoupleweresopoorthattheycouldnotaffordsuchanexpensivecolourTVset.

我不爱喝饮料。

Idon’tlikesoftdrinks.

在背后说我们好话的人才是一个真正的朋友。

Heisafriendindeedthatspeakswellofusbehindourbacks.

一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。

Afenceneedsthesupportofthreestakes,acapablefellowneedsthehelpofthreeotherpeople.

1.2.2Omission

1）Quantifiers

一支笔apen一朵花aflower

一匹马ahorse一堵墙awall

一把椅子achair一面镜子amirror

一块肥皂acakeofsoap

一串葡萄abunchofgrapes

一粒沙子agrainofsand

2）Functionwords

无论谁去，我都没意见。

Whoevergoes,Ishallhavenoobjection.

快点吧。

他们一定在等着我们。

Hurryup.Theywillbewaitingforus.

你一定听到消息了，所以我没有必要重述。

Youwillhaveheardthenews,soIneednotrepeatit.

上星期他来看过我。

Hecametovisitmelastweek.

3）Collocationandtense

虽然他们知道这场比赛必输无疑，但是他们决不放弃。

Thoughtheyknowthecompetitionislost,theywillbynomeansgiveup.

因为可能下雨，所以他们决定不去旅行了。

Asitlookedlikerain,theydecidedtogiveupthetrip.

4）Categorywords

他们的乐观主义精神令我们大为感动。

Theiroptimismmovedusgreatly.

中国的落后状态必须改变。

ThebackwardnessofChinamustbechanged.

他感到了一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。

Hefeltthepatriotismrisewithinhisheart.

5）Idiomsandfour-characterphrases

自给自足

self-sufficient

经久耐用

durable

清规戒律

taboos

水深火热

indeepwater

花言巧语

finewords

2.cultural 

filtering

2.1Introduction

A‘culturalfilter’isameansofcapturingcontextualdifferencesinexpectationnormsbetweenrecipientsinL1andL2contexts.Theapplicationofaculturalfiltershouldhoweverideallynotbelefttoaccidentalindividualintuition,butbeinlinewithrelevantcross-culturalresearch.

everitisonehastoknoworbelieveinordertooperateinamanneracceptabletoasociety’smembers,anddosoinanyrolethattheyacceptforanyoneofthemselves....Cultureisnotamaterialphenomenon;

itdoesnotconsistofthings,people,behavior,oremotions.Itisratheranorganizationofthesethings.Itistheformsofthingsthatpeoplehaveinmind,theirmodelofperceiving,relating,andotherwiseinterpretingthem.

nthecaseofcontext,a“dynamic”,negotiableviewofcultureisNOTusefulfortranslation,becauseintranslatingatext,onemustrefertoaconcretepointintimeandspaceandadoptastatic,necessarily“essentialist”ideaofculture.Thisshouldnotbedisqualifiedasnaivelyignoringthecomplexityofculture,asintranslationwealsotakeaccountofempiricalresearchintoculturesasinterpretivedevicesforunderstandingcommunicativebehavior.Forexample:

Germansoftenexpressthemselvesinmoredirect,explicitandcontent-orientedwaysthanAnglophonespeakers.

Suchcross-culturaldifferencescanbedisplayedalongdimensionssuchasdirectnessvs.indirectness;

explicitnessvs.implicitness;

focusoncontentvs.focusonpersons.

2.2.Examples

2.2.1.ADVERTISEMENTAIRFRANCE（TranslationsfromFrenchintoEnglishandGerman,backtranslated）

Weknowhowharditisforbusinesstravellerstohavetoconcentrateontheirworkwhilewagingtheeternalbattleofthearmrest,sowehavere-arrangedthespacebetweenourL’EspaceEuropeseats.Wherethereusedtoberowsofthreeseats,therearenowtwoseatsseparatedbyatable.Yourseatisnowmuchwider,morecomfortableandthetotalspacemoreconducivetoalittleprivacy.

Businesstravellerswanttostudytheirfiles,readnewspapersorpreparethemselvesquietlyforameeting.Preferablywithoutgettingtooclosetothemansittingnexttothem.Orthewoman.Thisiswhywehavecompletelyre-arrangedourL’EspaceEurope.Bigger,morebeautifulandcomfortableandaboveallwithverywelcomespaceforputtingthingsonbetweentheseats.Formuchelbowroomforreading,eatingandrelaxinginexactlytherightdistance.Andalsoforstimulatingconversations.

2.2.2.TheBodyShop:

CorporateStatement（OriginalEnglish,BackTranslationfromGerman）

Weconsidertestingproductsoringredientsonanimalsmorallyandscientificallyindefensible 

Weareoftheopinionthatexperimentswithanimalsinthecosmeticsindustryareneithernecessarynormorallydefensible

2.2.3.MiltonMeissnerLettertoSharesholders（OriginalEnglish,backtranslatedfromGerman）

Asyouwillnote,wehaveaskedthatyoudesignateabank（orbroker）towhichyourdividendcertificateswillbesent.Yourbank（orbroker）shouldindicateitsconfirmationofyoursignature…

Asyouwillnote,wehaveaskedyoutonameabank（orabroker）towhichthedividendcertificatesshallbesent.Youhavetoaskthebank（orthebroker）toconfirmyoursignature…

CovertTranslation

3.1Introduction

Overtandcoverttranslationareoutcomesofdifferenttypesofre-contextualisation.TheyresembleSchleiermacher’sfamousdistinctionbetween‘alienating’and‘integrating’translations,whichhashadmanyimitatorsusingdifferent,butessentiallysimilarterms.

Whatsetstheovert-covertdistinctionapartisthefactthatitisintegratedintoacoherenttheoryoftranslation,withinwhichthesetermsareexplicated.Inoverttranslation,recipientsarequite‘overtly’NOTdirectlyaddressed,becauseanoverttranslationisquiteovertlyatranslation,nota‘secondoriginal’.Anditshows:

whileanoverttranslationmustneedsbeembeddedinanewcontext,italso,atthesametime,schizophrenically,signalsitsorigin.Thetranslator’sworkisimportantandvisible:

itistoenableL2memberstoobserveandjudgetheoriginal’simpact“fromoutside”AlthoughanoverttranslationanditsoriginalareequivalentatthelevelsofLanguage/Text,Register,Genre,onlysecond-levelfunctionalequivalenceispossible:

givingaccesstotheoriginal’sfunction.SincethisaccessistobeintheL2,acontextualswitchisnecessary.Butbecausethereisthisthree-tierequivalence,theoriginal’scontextisco-activatedinthemindsofthetranslatorandL2addresseessoastoenablethemto“eavesdrop”andappreciatetheoriginal’sfunctioninitsnewguise.

Acoverttranslationisatranslationwhichenjoysthestatusofanoriginaltextinanewcontext.Thetranslationiscovertbecauseitisnotmarkedasatranslation,butmay,conceivably,havebeencreatedinitsownright.AnoriginalanditscoverttranslationarepragmaticallyofequalconcernforL1andL2addresseesintheirdifferentcontexts.Thetranslatorre-createsanequivalentspeecheventandreproducestheoriginal’sfunctionwiththeresultthatacoverttranslationoperatessolelyinthenewL2context,withnoattemptmadetoco-activatethecontextinwhichtheoriginalhadunfolded.

3.2.Examples

3.2.1.Overttranslation

下岗工人“off-the-postworkers”

“armedtotheteeth”“武装到了牙齿”

“shedthecrocodiletears”“鳄鱼的眼泪”。

“癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉”

“youarelikeatoadtryingtoswallowaswan”

3.2.2.CovertTranslation

“他已黔驴计穷,只好撒野。

”翻译成“Havingexhaustedallhistricks,hecoulddonothingbutactwildly”

TheybruisedtheAchilles’heelofhim时只能隐性翻译成“他们击中了他的要害部位。

” 

“他壮实得像头牛”翻译成英语的“Heisasstrongasahorse

“落汤鸡”则翻成“adrownedrat”.

“您长途飞行,一路上一定很累了吧?

”

“Ihopeyouhavehadasmoothflight.”

“哪里哪里!

”“Thankyouforyourkindwords”

English

4.1Introduction

InviewofthemultiplicityofEnglishandtheincreasingattentiononit,it’sjustifiedtoregardtheEnglishspokenandusedbyChinesepeopleasoneofitsvarieties.HereIwouldliketousethetermChinaEnglish.ChinaEnglishis

differentfromChinglishsincethelatterisatermtheforeignersusetodescribethesubstandardlanguagephenomenonoccurringintheEnglishspokenbytheChinese,duetotheinfluenceoftheChineselanguage.Thedifferencebetweenthesetwoconceptshasforlongtimebeentheobjectofattentioninthefieldoflinguistics.SofarasIamconcerned,themajordifferenceliesintheiracceptability.ChinaEnglishcanbeacceptedbyotherEnglishspeakerswhileChinglishisdespisedassubstandard.

ChinaEnglishmeanstheEnglishspokenorusedbyspeakerswithaChineselinguisticandculturalbackground.Thecon