句子结构与基本表达 文档Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Itseemsthat…/Ithappenedthat…./Itsoundsthat…/
Itoccursthat…/Itturnsoutthat…/Itfollowsthat….
Itis+名词+that…
Itisapitythat…/Itisafactthat…/Itisnowonderthat…
Itisablessingthat…/Itisthecasethat…./Itisnousethat…
Itis+过去分词+that….
Itisreportedthat…/itisbelievedthat….
Itisdeclaredthat…./itissuggestedthat…
2.谓语:
动词的各种时态
3.宾语:
名词,代词,宾语从句
Herefusedmysuggestion.
Hedidn’tacceptit.
Mostpeoplebelievethatnaturalbeautyisrealbeautyandthatartificialbeautyisunacceptable.
Shedidn’ttellmewhereshewasgoingandwhenshewouldstartthejourney.
4.表语:
形容词,名词,数词,表语从句
Theskyisasblueasseawater.
Heisanartist.
Sheis12.
Theproblemisthatthenewshasalreadybeendisclosed.
5.定语:
形容词,不定式短语,过去分词短语,定语从句。
Theimportantproblemisthatwearepollutingtheenvironmentwithoutevenbeingawareofit.….
Theissuetobediscussedishowtoimprovepeople’sawarenessofpublicsecurity.
TheassumptionproposedbyMr.Smithprovedtobetrue.
Peoplewhoarenotsatisfiedwiththeirappearancehaveanopportunitytochangetheirimage.
6.状语:
时间地点条件等等
最后,把一个简单的句子变成复杂句.
1)增加定语
主谓宾结构的:
Thestudentsaredoingaresearch.
Thestudentswhoareinterestedinthepopulationproblemaredoingacomplicatedresearchontheinteractionbetweenpopulationincreaseandeconomicaldevelopment.
?
2)增加时间地点状语
ThestudentswhoareinterestedinthepopulationproblemaredoingacomplicatedresearchontheinteractionbetweenpopulationincreaseandeconomicaldevelopmentinPekingUniversitythissemesterwhenotherstudentsareconcentratingontheirstudies.
Thedogseldombarks.
?
3).变化主语为主语/同位语从句
Thenewssurprisedpeople.
ThatObamawaselectedpresidentsurprisedpeople.(主语从句)
ThenewsthatObamawaselectedpresidentsurprisedpeople.(同位语)
4)变化宾语为宾语从句
Idon’tunderstandtheproblem.
Idon’tunderstandwhysomanyyoungpeoplearesocrazyabouttheKoreanpopstars.
5)变化表语为表语从句
Theproblemishisage.
Theproblemisthatheistooyoungtoattendsuchacompetition.
练习改错:
Inthemoreadvancedtechnologysurgerytoday,moreandmore….
Ifapersonwithanappealingappearancebutnobrain,hewilllosethejobeventhoughhecanpasstheintervieweasily.
Intelligentandhardworkisthemostimportantpointtoone’scareer.
Theeyes,neckandliponadailybasistoprotecttheneedsofavarietyofcosmeticproducts.
Ifyouthinkdothesamethingsareverywasteroftimes,youdon’tlikedothesethingsyoucouldn’tgetmorebeautiful.
Asweallknow:
Becauseoflovelyandbeautiful,notbecausebeautifulandlovely.
I.定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。
被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主语
Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?
whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that
whom
宾语
Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking
Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..
whose
人,物
定语
Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.
Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.
that
主语,宾语
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.
which
物
Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.
Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.
as
Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.
ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
关系副词
when
时间
时间状语
Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.
可用onwhich
where
地点
地点状语
ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.
可用inwhich
why
原因
原因状语
Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.
可用forwhich
II.that与which,who,whom的用法区别:
情况
用法说明
只用that的情况
1.先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。
2.先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时
3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
4.先行词既指人又指物时
5.先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时
6.句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时
1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.
2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.
3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.
4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.
5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.
6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?
只用which,who,whom的情况
1.在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人
2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。
3.先行词本身是that时,关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。
Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.
Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.
Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.
III.as与which的区别:
定语从句
区别
限制性定语从句中
名词前有such和thesame修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用which
Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.
Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.
非限制性定语从句中
as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。
如果有“正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;
而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。
Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.
Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.
Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.
IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:
类别
语法意义及特征
限制性定语从句
对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开。
TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.
非限制性定语从句
对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不十分密切,较松散。
从句和主句之间用逗号分开,相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。
Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.
十.名词性从句
种类
作用
常用关联词
主语从句
在复合句中做主语,相当于名词,一般置谓语之前,也可用it作形式主语,主语从句放主句之后
that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,wherever
Whetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.
Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.
表语从句
在复合句中做表语,相当于名词,位于系动词之后
Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.
宾语从句
在复合句中做宾语,相当于名词
Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.
同位语从句
放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容
Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.
Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.
十一。
状语从句
连接词
注意点
when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly
主句表示将来意义时,从句须用一般现在时;
while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的;
until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的,而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。
where,wherever
because,as,since,nowthat
because语气最强,since较弱,表示大家都明了的原因,as又次之。
条件状语
if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat
从句中动词时态不可用将来时,常用一般时代替
目的状语
sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat
sothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词
结果状语
so…that,such…that
比较状语
than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore
方式状语
asif,asthough,as
asif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。
让步状语
though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,whenever
as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式;
although和though用正常语序,可和yet连用,但不可和but连用
十二。
倒装句
倒装条件
完全倒装
here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调
Outrushedthechildren.
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首
Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.
强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡
Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.
部分倒装
never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首
HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.
only和修饰的状语放于句首
OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.
notonly…butalso连接并列的句子,前倒后不倒
NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.
neither…nor…连接并列的句子,前后都倒装
NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.
so…that,such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒
Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.
as引导的让步状语
Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.
so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。
Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中
Mayyoubeingoodhealth!
省略if的虚拟条件
WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.
作文中常用句套:
下文中出现的
A,B,
“...”(某事物),
"
sb"
(
somebody),
要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.
开头:
When
it
comes
to
...,
some
peoplethink
...
There
is
a
public
debate
today
that
A
common
way
of
but
wise
one?
Recently
the
problem
has
beenahotdebate.
提出观点:
Now
there
growing
awareness
that...
It
time
we
explore
truth
Nowhere
in
history
issue
been
more
visible.
进一步提出观点:
only
part
history.
Another
equally
important
aspect
one
many
effects.
Besides,
other
reasons
are...
提出假想例子的方式:
Suppose
Just
imagine
what
would
be
like
if...
reasonable
expect...
not
surprising