句子结构与基本表达 文档Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Itseemsthat…/Ithappenedthat…./Itsoundsthat…/
Itoccursthat…/Itturnsoutthat…/Itfollowsthat….
Itis+名词+that…
Itisapitythat…/Itisafactthat…/Itisnowonderthat…
Itisablessingthat…/Itisthecasethat…./Itisnousethat…
Itis+过去分词+that….
Itisreportedthat…/itisbelievedthat….
Itisdeclaredthat…./itissuggestedthat…
2.谓语：
动词的各种时态
3.宾语：
名词，代词，宾语从句
Herefusedmysuggestion.
Hedidn’tacceptit.
Mostpeoplebelievethatnaturalbeautyisrealbeautyandthatartificialbeautyisunacceptable.
Shedidn’ttellmewhereshewasgoingandwhenshewouldstartthejourney.
4.表语：
形容词，名词，数词，表语从句
Theskyisasblueasseawater.
Heisanartist.
Sheis12.
Theproblemisthatthenewshasalreadybeendisclosed.
5.定语：
形容词,不定式短语，过去分词短语，定语从句。
Theimportantproblemisthatwearepollutingtheenvironmentwithoutevenbeingawareofit.….
Theissuetobediscussedishowtoimprovepeople’sawarenessofpublicsecurity.
TheassumptionproposedbyMr.Smithprovedtobetrue.
Peoplewhoarenotsatisfiedwiththeirappearancehaveanopportunitytochangetheirimage.
6.状语：
时间地点条件等等
最后,把一个简单的句子变成复杂句.
1）增加定语
主谓宾结构的：
Thestudentsaredoingaresearch.
Thestudentswhoareinterestedinthepopulationproblemaredoingacomplicatedresearchontheinteractionbetweenpopulationincreaseandeconomicaldevelopment.
?
2）增加时间地点状语
ThestudentswhoareinterestedinthepopulationproblemaredoingacomplicatedresearchontheinteractionbetweenpopulationincreaseandeconomicaldevelopmentinPekingUniversitythissemesterwhenotherstudentsareconcentratingontheirstudies.
Thedogseldombarks.
?
3）．变化主语为主语/同位语从句
Thenewssurprisedpeople.
ThatObamawaselectedpresidentsurprisedpeople.（主语从句）
ThenewsthatObamawaselectedpresidentsurprisedpeople.（同位语）
4）变化宾语为宾语从句
Idon’tunderstandtheproblem.
Idon’tunderstandwhysomanyyoungpeoplearesocrazyabouttheKoreanpopstars.
5）变化表语为表语从句
Theproblemishisage.
Theproblemisthatheistooyoungtoattendsuchacompetition.
练习改错：
Inthemoreadvancedtechnologysurgerytoday,moreandmore….
Ifapersonwithanappealingappearancebutnobrain,hewilllosethejobeventhoughhecanpasstheintervieweasily.
Intelligentandhardworkisthemostimportantpointtoone’scareer.
Theeyes,neckandliponadailybasistoprotecttheneedsofavarietyofcosmeticproducts.
Ifyouthinkdothesamethingsareverywasteroftimes,youdon’tlikedothesethingsyoucouldn’tgetmorebeautiful.
Asweallknow:
Becauseoflovelyandbeautiful,notbecausebeautifulandlovely.
I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。
被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主语
Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?
whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
whom
宾语
Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking
Theboy（whom）sheloveddiedinthewar..
whose
人，物
定语
Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.
Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.
that
主语，宾语
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
Sheisthepopstar（that）Iwanttoseeverymuch.
which
物
Thebook（which）Igaveyouwasworth$10.
Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.
as
Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.
ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
关系副词
when
时间
时间状语
Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.
可用onwhich
where
地点
地点状语
ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.
可用inwhich
why
原因
原因状语
Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.
可用forwhich
II.that与which,who,whom的用法区别：
情况
用法说明
只用that的情况
1．先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。
2．先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时
3．先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
4．先行词既指人又指物时
5．先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时
6．句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时
1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.
2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.
3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.
4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.
5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.
6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?
只用which,who,whom的情况
1．在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人
2．在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。
3．先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。
Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.
Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.
Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.
III.as与which的区别：
定语从句
区别
限制性定语从句中
名词前有such和thesame修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which
Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.
Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.
非限制性定语从句中
as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。
如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；
而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。
Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.
Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.
Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.
IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
类别
语法意义及特征
限制性定语从句
对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。
TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.
非限制性定语从句
对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。
从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。
Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.
十．名词性从句
种类
作用
常用关联词
主语从句
在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后
that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,wherever
Whetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.
Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.
表语从句
在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后
Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.
宾语从句
在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词
Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.
同位语从句
放在名词之后（news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等）表明其具体内容
Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.
Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.
十一。
状语从句
连接词
注意点
when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly
主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；
while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；
until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。
where,wherever
because,as,since,nowthat
because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。
条件状语
if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat
从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替
目的状语
sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat
sothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词
结果状语
so…that,such…that
比较状语
than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore
方式状语
asif,asthough,as
asif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。
让步状语
though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,whenever
as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；
although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用
十二。
倒装句
倒装条件
完全倒装
here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调
Outrushedthechildren.
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首
Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.
强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡
Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.
部分倒装
never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首
HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.
only和修饰的状语放于句首
OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.
notonly…butalso连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒
NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.
neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装
NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.
so…that,such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒
Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.
as引导的让步状语
Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.
so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。
Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中
Mayyoubeingoodhealth!
省略if的虚拟条件
WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.
作文中常用句套：
下文中出现的
A,B,
“...”（某事物）,
"
sb"
（
somebody）,
要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.
开头：
When
it
comes
to
...,
some
peoplethink
...
There
is
a
public
debate
today
that
A
common
way
of
but
wise
one?
Recently
the
problem
has
beenahotdebate.
提出观点：
Now
there
growing
awareness
that...
It
time
we
explore
truth
Nowhere
in
history
issue
been
more
visible.
进一步提出观点：
only
part
history.
Another
equally
important
aspect
one
many
effects.
Besides,
other
reasons
are...
提出假想例子的方式：
Suppose
Just
imagine
what
would
be
like
if...
reasonable
expect...
not
surprising
升级会员 