英语语言学第一章练习Word格式文档下载.docx

英语语言学第一章练习Word格式文档下载.docx

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1）Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?

A.treeB.crashC.typewriterD.bang

2）Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade”is________.

A.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.performative

3）InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosaysuisuipingan（everyyearbesafeandhappy）asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctiondoesitperform?

A.Interpersonal.B.Emotive.CPerformative.D.Recreational.

4）Whichofthefollowingpropertiesoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?

A.interchangeability.B.Duality.

C.Displacement.D.Arbitrariness.

5）Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?

—Aniceday,isn’tit?

—Right!

Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

A.EmotiveB.Phatic.C.Peformative.D.Interpersonal.

6）Unlikeanimalcommunicationsystems,humanlanguageis.

A.stimulusfree

B.stimulusbound

C.underimmediatestimuluscontrol

D.stimulatedbysomeoccurrenceofcommunalinterest.

7）Whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?

A.interpersonalfunctionB.performativefunction

C.informativefunctionD.recreationalfunction

8）Indifferentlanguages,differenttermsareusedtoexpresstheanimal“狗”,thisshowsthenatureof---ofhumanlanguage.

AarbitrarinessBculturaltransmissionCdisplacementDdiscreteness

9）Whichofthefollowingdisciplinesarerelatedtoappliedlinguistics?

A.statisticsB.psycholinguistics

C.physicsD.philosophy

10）hasbeenwidelyacceptedasthefatherofmodemlinguistics.

A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.JohnLyons

3.WordCompletion

Directions:

Fillintheblankswiththemostsuitablewords.

1）Designfeatures,aframeworkproposedbytheAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett,refertothe________propertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishesitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

2）________referstothephenomenonthatthesoundsinalanguagearemeaningfullydistinct.Forinstance,thedifferencebetweenthesounds/p/and/b/isnotactuallyverygreat,butwhenthesesoundsarepartofalanguagelikeEnglish,theyareusedinsuchawaythattheoccurrenceofoneratherthantheotherismeaningful.

3）Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermedp_______orc________.

4）Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutlanguageitself.Thisfunctionism________function.

5）Culturaltransmissionreferstothefactthatlanguageisc________transmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyi_________.

6）Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof________overwriting.

7）The________functionreferstotheuseoflanguagetocommunicateknowledgeabouttheworld,toreportevents,tomakestatements,togiveaccounts,toexplainrelationships,torelaymessagesandsoon.

8）The________functionreferstolanguageusedtoensuresocialmaintenance.Phaticcommunionispartofit.ThetermphaticcommunionintroducedbytheanthropologistBronislawMalinowskireferstolanguageusedforestablishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanforexchangingfacts.

9）LanguageisasystemofarbitrarysymbolsusedforhumanCommunication.

10）Languagehastwolevels.Theyare______leveland______level.

11）Languageisa________becauseeverylanguageconsistsofasetofruleswhichunderliepeople’sactualspeechorwriting.

12）The_functionreferstolanguageusedinanattempttocontroleventsoncetheyhappen.

13）Thedesignfeaturesoflanguageare

（1）

（2）（3）（4）（5）（6）and（7）_______.

14）Bysaying“languageisarbitrary”,wemeanthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningand.

15）Thefourprinciplesinthelinguisticstudyare

（1）

（2）（3）and（4）.

4.TrueorFalseQuestions

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTfortrueandFforfalseinthebracketbeforeeachofthem.

1）（）Therelationbetweenformandmeaninginhumanlanguageisnatural.

2）（）Whenlanguageisusedtogetinformationfromothers,itservesaninformativefunction.

3）（）ThereasonforFrenchtousechevalandforEnglishtousehorsetorefertothesameanimalisinexplicable.

4）（）Mostanimalcommunicationsystemslacktheprimarylevelofarticulation.

5）（）Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.

6）（）Languageisasystemofarbitrary,writtensignswhichpermitallthepeopleinagivenculture,orotherpeoplewhohavelearnedthesystemofthatculture,tocommunicateorinteract.

7）（）Intheory,thelengthofsentencesislimited.

8）（）Therelationshipbetweenthesoundsandtheirmeaningisarbitrary.

9）（）Linguisticsymbolsareakindofvisualsymbols,whichincludevocalsymbols.

10）（）Linguisticsymbolsareproducedbyhumanspeechorgans.

11）（）Everylanguagehastwolevels:

grammatically—meaninglessandsound—meaningful.

12）（）Suchfeaturesoflanguageasbeingcreative,vocal,andarbitrarycandifferentiatehumanlanguagesfromanimalcommunicativesystems.

13）（）Dualityisoneofthecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage.Itreferstothefactthatlanguagehastwolevelsofstructures:

thesystemofsoundsandthesystemofmeanings.

14）（）Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.

15）（）Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Asaforeignlanguagelearner,thelatterismoreimportantforus.

5.Glossarytranslation

1）personalfunction

2）heauristicfunction

3）ideationalfunction

4）interchangeability

5）控制功能

6）表现功能

7）文化传递性

8）分离性

9）区别性特征

10）不受时空限制的属性

11）Interactionalfunction

12）instrumentationalfunction

13）imaginativefunction

14）寒暄功能

15）元语言功能

16）Personalfunction

17）performativefunction

18）娱乐功能

19）信息功能

20）人际功能

6.ShortEssayQuestions

1）Whatarethefunctionsoflanguage?

Exemplifyeachfunction.

2）Explainwhatthetermdualitymeansasitisusedtodescribeapropertyofhumanlanguage.

3）Islanguageproductiveornot?

Why?

4）Whatislanguage?

5）Whatarethemajordesignfeaturesoflanguage?

Pleaseexplainthreeofthemwithexamples.

KeytoChapterOne

1.Definethefollowinaterms

1）Discretenessreferstothephenomenonthatthesoundsinalanguagearemeaningfullydistinct.Forinstance,thedifferencebetweenthesounds/p/and/b/isnotactuallyverygreat,butwhenthesesoundsarepartofalanguagelikeEnglish,theyareusedinsuchawaythattheoccurrenceofoneratherthantheotherismeaningful.Thefactthatthepronunciationoftheformspadandbadleadstoadistinctioninmeaningcanonlybeduetothedifferencebetweenthesounds/p/and/b/inEnglish.Eachsoundinthelanguageisthoughtofasdiscrete.Itispossibletoproducearangeofsoundsinacontinuousstreamwhichareallgenerallylikethesounds/p/and/b/.

2）“Designfeatures”refertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,productivity,displacement,culturaltransmissionandinterchangeability.（3分）

3）“Arbitrariness”meansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Adogmightbeapigifonlythefirstpersonorgroupofpersonshaduseditforapig.

Languageisthereforelargelyarbitrary.Butlanguageisnotabsolutelyarbitrary,becausetherearecaseswherethereareoratleastseemtobesomesound-meaningassociation,ifwethinkofechoWords,like“bang”,“crash”,”roar”,’whicharemotivatedinacertainsense.Secondly,somecompoundsarenotentirelyarbitraryeither.“Snow”and“storm”arearbitraryorunmotivatedwords,while“snowstorm”islessso.Sowecansay“arbitrariness”isamatterofdegree.

4）Linguistsrefer“duality”ofstructuretothefactthatinalllanguagessofarinvestigated,onefindstwolevelsofstructureorpatterning.Atthefirst,higherlevel,languageisanalyzedintermsofcombinationsofmeaningfulunits（suchasmorphemes,wordsetc.）;

atthesecond,lowerlevel,itisseenasasequenceofsegmentswhichlackanymeaninginthemselves,butwhichcombinetoformunitsofmeaning.AccordingtoHuZhuanglinetal.,languageisasystemoftwosetsofstructures,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeaning.Thisisimportantfortheworkingsoflanguage.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofsemanticunits（words）,andtheseunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.（Forexample,wehavedictionariesofwords,butnodictionaryofsentences!

）Dualitymakesitpossibleforaperson