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英语专业词汇学课本及标准答案
Chapter3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords
Wehavediscussedthehistorical,culturalandsocialfactorsthatfacilitate(使……容易;推动)thedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.Borrowing,aswesee,hasbeenplayinganactiveroleintheexpansionofvocabulary.Inmoderntimes,however,vocabularyismainlyenlargedonaninternalbasis.Thatis,weuseword-buildingmaterialavailableinEnglishtocreatenewwords.Butbeforewediscusstheactualwaysandmeanstomakenewwords,weneedtohaveaclearpictureofthestructureofEnglishwordsandtheircomponents(成分)—word-formingelements.Thischapterwilldiscussmorphemes(语素;词素),theirclassification(分类)andidentification(辨别),therelationshipbetweenmorphemesandword-formation(构词法).
3.1Morphemes
Traditionally,wordsareusuallytreatedasthebasicandminimalunitsofalanguagetomakesentences,whicharecombinationsofwordsaccordingtosyntacticrules(句法规则).Structurally,however,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintoevensmallermeaningfulunits.Takedecontextualizationforexample.Thisisoneword,butcanbebrokendownintode-,con-,text,-a/,-iz(e),-ation,eachhavingmeaningofitsown.Thesesegments(部分)cannotbefurtherdivided;otherwise,noneofthemwouldmakeanysense.Though-ationhasanumberofvariants(变体)suchas-tion,-sion,-ion,theybelongtothesamesuffixastheyhavethesamemeaningandgrammaticalfunctionandoccurowingto(因为;根据)differentsoundenvironment.Theseminimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes(morpheistheGreekwordfor'form';-emeasin'phoneme'(音素)means'classof').Inviewofword-formation,themorphemeisseenas'thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords'(Crystal1985).Syntactically(从句法上看),however,amorphemeistheminimalformofgrammaticalanalysis(语法分析).Forinstance,eachoftheword-formsstudies,studying,studied,consistsofthemorphemestudy+;theforms-esinstudies,-inginstudying,-edinstudiedaremorphemes,whichexpressgrammaticalconcepts(语法概念)insteadofderivingnewwords(SeeClassifyingMorphemes).
3.2MorphsandAllomorphs(词素变体)
Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunits(具体单位)knownasmorphs(形素).'Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning'(BolingerandSears1981:
43).Inotherwordsthephoneticororthographicstrings(语音串或拼写字串)orsegments(切分成分;节)whichrealizemorphemesaretermed'morphs'(Bauer1983:
15).Themorphemeistothemorphwhataphoneme(音位)istoaphone(音素).Mostmorphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphslikebird,tree,green,sad,want,desire,etc..Thesemorphemescoincide(巧合)withwordsastheycanstandbythemselvesandfunctionfreelyinasentence.Wordsofthiskindarecalledmono-morphemicwords.Somemorphemes,however,arerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Forinstance,themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasasetofmorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incats/s/,inbags/z/,inmatches/iz/.Thealternates(作为替换的事物)/s/,/z/and/iz/arethreedifferentmorphs.Thesameistrueofthelinkverbmorpheme{be}.Itspasttenseisrealizedbytwodistinctorthographicformswas,were,eachofwhichhappenstobeaword-form,realizing{preterit}and{singular},and{preterit}and{plural}respectivelyandeachhasitsownphoneticform/woz/or/wə:
/.Therefore,bothwas,wereandtheirphoneticforms/woz/and/wə:
/aremorphs(SeediscussioninBauer,p15).
Anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme.Justasweclassphones(音素)togetherasallophones(音位变体)ofasinglephoneme(音位),soweclassmorphstogetherasallomorphsofasinglemorpheme.Takethepluralmorpheme{-s}again.Phonetically,itisrealizedby/s/,/z/,/iz/,allofwhichareallomorphs.InEnglish,manymorphemescanhavemorethanoneallomorph,particularlythosefreestandingmorphemeswhicharefunctionalwordsintheirownright.Oncetheyoccurinconnectedspeech,theymayberealizedbydifferentforms,dependingonwhethertheyareaccentedorweakened(Lookatthedatainthetable).
Morpheme
Allomorph
Strong
Weak
{am}
/aem/
/əm/,/m/
{was}
/woz/
/WəZ/
{have}
/haev/
/həv/,/v/
{would}
/wud/
/wəd/,/əd/,/d/
{he}
/hi:
/
/i:
/,/i/
{his}
/hiz/
/iz/
{for}
/fo:
/
/fə/
{to}
/tu:
/
/tu/,/tə/
Thenwhatisthedifferencebetweenmorphsandallomorphs?
Therelationshipcanbeillustratedbythediagrambelow.
Morpheme
{would}
morphmorphmorphmorph→allomorph
/wud//wəd//əd//d/
3.3ClassifyingMorphemes
Morphemesvaryinfunction.Accordingly,wecanclassifymorphemesintoseveralgeneralcategories:
freeversusbound,derivationalversusinflectional,andlexicalversusgrammatical.However,theirboundariesarenotasclear-cutastheyappeartobeduetosome