词汇学重点概念文档格式.docx

词汇学重点概念文档格式.docx

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6.borrowedwords：

arewordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages，knownasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms

7.Creation：

referstotheformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements

8.Semanticchange：

meansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed

9.morpheme：

is'

thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords'

10.FreeMorphemes自由词素：

havecompletemeaninginthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.（whichareindependentofothermorphemesareconsideredtobefree）.

11.BoundMorphemes（粘着词素）：

Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.

12.Affixes：

areformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction

Affixescanbeputintotwogroups:

1）Inflectionalaffixes（屈折词缀）：

affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicaegrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.

2）Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）：

derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.

13.Aroot：

isthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.

14.stem：

canbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.

15.Affixation：

isgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromoldforms.Thewordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivatives

Affixationfallsintotwosubclasses:

prefixationandsuffixation.

（1）Prefixation：

istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.

（2）Suffixation：

istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangethemeaningofthestem,suffixesmainlychangethewordclass.

16.Compounding：

istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.alsocalledcomposition.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.

17.Conversion：

istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass

18.Blending：

istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledblendsorpormanteauwords

19.clipping：

istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.

20.Acronymy：

istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledinitialismsoracronyms,dependingonthepronunciationofthewords.

21.Initialisms：

arewordspronouncedletterbyletter.IncaseslikeA.D.（AnnoDomini=intheyearafterthebirthofJesusChrist）,andB.C.（BeforeChrist））

22.Acronyms：

arewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword,forexampleradar（radiodetectingandranging）,andWAVES（WomenAppointedforVoluntaryEmergencyService）,etc

23.Back-formation：

isconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.Asweknow,suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases,andback-formation：

istheformationofnewwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.

24.Reference（所指）:

Itistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Thereferenceofawordisarbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific

25.Concept：

whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.

26.Sense:

Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.

27.Motivation：

accountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.Asweknow,therelationshipbetweentheword-formandmeaningisconventionalandarbitrary,andmostwordscanbesaidtobenon-motivated.

28.Onomatopoeicmotivatio（拟声理据）：

wordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning,forthesewordswerecreatesbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Knowingthesoundsofthewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaning.

29.Semanticmotivation（语义理据）：

referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.E.g:

thefootofthemountain（foot）

30.Etymologicalmotivation：

Themeaningsofmanywordsoftenrelatedirectlytotheirorigins.Inotherwordsthehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.E.g:

pen-feather

31.GrammaticalMeaning：

referstothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationshipssuchaspartofspeechofwords,singularandpluralmeaningofnouns,tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalforms.

32.Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:

conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.

33.Conceptualmeaning（概念意义）：

alsoknownasdenotativemeaning（外延意义）isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning

34.Associativemeaning（联想意义）：

isthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.

35.Connotativemeaning（内涵意义）：

Incontrasttodenotativemeaning,overtonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning,traditionallyknownasconnotations.

36.Stylisticmeaning（文体意义）：

Apartfromtheirconceptualmeanings,manywordshavestylisticfeatures,whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentcontexts.

37.Affectivemeaning（情感意义）：

indicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.

38.Collocativemeaning（搭配意义）：

Thismeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresinitscollocation.Inotherwords,itisthepartoftheword-meaningsuggestedbythewordsbeforeorafterthewordindiscussion.

39.Polysemy：

thesamesymbolmustbeusedtoexpressmoremeanings

diachronicapproach（历时方法）：

fromthediachronicpointofview,polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Firstmeaningistheprimarymeaning,thelatermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings

synchronicapproach（共时方法）:

synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime

radiation（辐射型）：

isasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerayes（e.g:

face,neck）

concatenation（连锁型）：

meaning'

linkingtogether'

isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovegraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntilthereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebeginning.（e.g:

treacle）

区别：

Unlikeradiationwhereeachofthederivedmeaningsisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning,concatenationdescribesaprocesswhereeachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetracedbacktotheoriginal,thereisnodirectconnectioninbetween.

联系：

Theyarecloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingtopolysemy.Generally,radiationprecedesconcatenation.Inmanycases,thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachother.

40.Homonymy（同音异义关系）:

wordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.

Perfecthomonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：

wordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning.

Homographs（同形异义词）:

wordsidenticalonlyinspelling,butdifferentinsoundandmeaning.

Homophones（同音异义词）：

wordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.（最多最常见）

DifferentiationofHomonymsfromPolysemants（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别）：

Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation.

1）Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.

2）Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.

3）Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree,e.g.neck

4）meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.

41.Synonymy（同义关系）:

oneoftwoormorewordsintheE