剑桥初级语法笔记精编版Word文件下载.docx

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剑桥初级语法笔记精编版Word文件下载.docx

play

tennis

Where

do

Yourfriends

Howoften

wash

yourhair

What

does

Thisword

Howmuch

it

cost

toflytoRome

*Whatdoyoudo

表示“你是做什么工作的?

8、have/havegot

(1)

have=havegot

has=hasgot

Don’thave=haven’tgot

Doesn’thave=hasn’tgot

Doyouhave=haveyougot

Doeshehave=hashegot

(2)have表“吃、喝、拿”时,不能用havegot代替

have

havebreakfast/lunch/dinner

haveameal/apizza/asandwich

haveacupofcoffee

havesthtoeat/drink

(3)下列短语中,要用have

haveabath/ashower

havearest/aholiday/aparty

haveanicetime/agoodtrip/fun

haveawalk/aswim/agame

haveadream/anaccident

haveababy

havealook

15、现在完成时

(1)havedone

(2)just/already/yet

Just表“刚才”:

we’vejustarrived.

Already表“已经”(在预料之前):

they’vealreadyarrived.(=beforeyouexpected)

Yet表“直到现在”(用于否定句和疑问句中):

theyhaven’tarrivedyet.

(3)现在完成时与ever(用于疑问句中)/never连用:

Haveyoueverplayedgolf

(4)gone表“去而未归”:

shehasgonetoChina.

Been表“去而已归”:

hehasbeentoChina.

(5)Howlonghaveyou…

ShehasbeeninIrelandsinceMonday/forthreedays.

一般现在时

现在完成时

DanandKatearemarried.

Theyhavebeenmarriedforfouryears.

Areyoumarried?

Howlonghaveyoubeenmarried?

现在进行时

现在完成进行时

I’mlearningEnglish.

HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?

25、whatareyoudoingtomorrow?

Iamdoingsomethingtomorrow表示“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划明天做某事”

Iamgoingtodosomething.同上(begoingto与will的区别)

注意:

用一般现在时表示时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等:

Thetrainarrivesat.

27、will/shall

(1)Ishall=Iwill、weshall=wewill:

Ishallbelatetomorrow.=Iwillbelatetomorrow.

在构成将来时的时候,不可将shall与you/they/it/he/she等非第一人称连用:

Tomwillbelate.(而不能Tomshallbelate.)

(2)I’ll…表“提议或决定做某事”:

I’llphoneyoutomorrow.

IthinkI’ll/Idon’tthinkI’ll…表“决定做某事”:

IthinkI’llgotobedearlytonight.

(3)ShallI…/Shallwe…

表“你认为…好吗?

28、might=may

29、can/could:

could为过去式

30、must/mustn’t/don’tneedto

(1)表示过去时,用hadto而不用must:

Wehadtowalkhomelastnight.

(2)don’tneedto=don’thaveto

31、should

(1)Ithink…should/Idon’tthink….should/doyouthink…should?

(2)oughtto=should

32、Ihaveto

(1)表过去时,用hadto

(2)表示认为有必要做某事或提出个人看法时,must或haveto都可以

不是表个人看法时,只能用haveto:

Eg:

Youcan’tparkyourcarherefornothing.Youhavetopay.(非个人看法)

It’safantasticfilm.Youmustseeit./Youhavetoseeit.

33、Iusedto/Ididn’tusedto/didyouuseto…

38、therehasbeen/therehavebeen

一般过去时

Therewasanaccidentlastnight.

Look!

There’sbeenanaccident.

Whenwearrivedatthetheatre,therewasalongqueueoutside.

Thisroadisverydangerous.Therehavebeenmanyaccidents.

Whyarethosepolicemenoutsidethebank?

There’sbeen/therewasarobbery.

41、反义疑问句

Haveyou?

/areyou/

don’tyou

表“对某事感兴趣或感到惊奇”:

——I’veboughtanewcar.

——Oh,haveyou?

记住:

前否后肯,前肯后否

It’saniceday,isn’tit?

Thatisn’tyourcar,isit?

42、too/eithersoamI/neitherdoI

句尾

too(肯定)

I’mhappytoo.

either(否定)

I’mnothappyeither.

I’mhappy.

SoamI

(sowashe/sodoI/sowouldI)

I’mnot

I’mnothappy

NeitheramI

(可用nor代替neither)

Iam

(2)both+复数名词

either/neither单数名词,谓语动词用单数

both

(of)

the…

either

neither

of

these/those…

my/your/Paul’s…

44、疑问句

(1)isit…/haveyou…/dothey…whyisn’t…/whydon’t…

(2)whosawyou/whodidyousee

(3)以特殊疑问词开头的句子,介词位于句尾:

whereareyoufrom?

(4)what’sitlike/whataretheylike表询问某事物的情况——新旧、好坏、大小等

(5)疑问词

what

What+名词

Whattime…/whatsize

不加名词

What’syourname?

which

Which+名词(物/人)

Whichtraindidyoucatch?

不加名词时,不指代人

Whichisbiggest?

how

How+形容词/副词

Howtallareyou?

Howdeep/howheavy/howhigh/howbig…

What(范围更广)

Which(选择较少)

What’sthecapitalofArgentina?

Whichcolourdoyouprefer,pinkoryellow?

52、不定式与-ing形式

动词+不定式

plan

decide

try

+to…(towork/todo/tobe)

hope

expect

offer

promise

refuse

learn

动词+-ing

enjoy

stop

suggest

+-ing(doing/working)

mind

finish

动词+-ing或不定式

start

continue

+-ing/to…

begin

55、

goto

gotowork

gotoschool

gotouniversity

gotohospital

gotoprison

gotobed

gotosleep

gotochurch

gotothebank/thetheatre/theairport

gohome

gotothedoctor/dentist

(be)atwork

(be)atschool

(be)atuniversity

(be)inhospital

(be)inprison

(be)inbed

(be)in/atchurch

(be)athome

goon

goonholiday

goonatrip

goonatour

goonanexcursion

goonacruise

goonastrike

gofor

goforawalk

goforarun

goforaswim

goforadrink

goformeal

go(going/went/gone)

shopping

swimming

fishing

sailing

skiing

jogging

56、

get+名词(收到/买到/找到某物)

getajob/getaletter

get+交通工具

getabus

getatrain

getataxi

get+形容词(变得..)

gethungry

getcold

gettired

getto+地点(到达)

gettowork

gettoNY

(gethere/gethome)

get的短语

getinacar

getoutofacar

getonabus

getoffabus

getmarried(结婚)

getdressed(穿衣)

getlost(迷路)

57、do与make

doanexam

doatest

doacourse

dohomework

dohousework

dosomebodyafavour

doanexercise

dotheshopping

dothewashing洗衣服

dothewashing-up洗碗

dotheironing熨烫

dothecooking

make

makeamistake

makeanappointment

makeaphonecall

makealist

makeanoise

makeabed

makeafilm拍电影

takeaphotograph拍照

66、名词

在英语中,下列词语以复数出现:

scissorsglassestrousersjeansshortstightspyjamaspeoplepolice

以下名词通常不可数

advicebreadfurniturehairinformationnewsweatherwork

abottleofwater

acartonofmilk

abarofchocolate/aboxofchocolates

apieceofcheese

abottleofperfume

apieceofmusic

abowlofrice

acupofcoffee

agameoftennis

73、the的用法

thesunthemoontheworldtheskytheseathecountry

thepolicethefirebrigadethearmy

thetoptheendthemiddletheleft

thepianotheguitarthetrumpet

theradio

theInternet

1.television/TV不用the:

IwatchTValot.但是canyouturnofftheTV(=theTVset)

2.breakfast/lunch/dinner等不加the

3.next/last+week/month/year/summer等不加the

4.球类名词前不加the

5.学科名词前不加the

the…(地名)

1.地域名称前一般不用the

France/Japan/Peru

2.与国家、岛屿、山脉等名称的复数形式连用

theAlps/thePhilippines/theNetherlands/theCanaryIslands

3.洋、海、江、河的名称前用the

theAtlantic/theAmazon/theNile/theBlacksea

4.街道、广场等名称前不用the

livesinNewtonStreet/HighfieldRoad/TimesSquare

5.机场、车站、大学、城堡等重要建筑物不用the

KennedyAirport/LondonZoo/VictoriaStation

6.宾馆、影院、剧院、博物馆的名称前要用the

theRegentHotel/theNationalTheatre/theScienceMuseum

7.表方位时用the

thenorth/south/east/westof…

77、not+any/no/more

(1)not+any=no….=nota

(2)no…通常用于have(got)与thereis/are之后

(3)动词否定形式+any=动词肯定形式+no

(4)no之后接名词、none可单独使用

None表示“无”;

no-one表示“没人

nobody=not+anybody

no-one=not+anyone

nothing=not+anything

80、every/all

(1)every+单数名词,谓语动词用单数

(2)everywhere是副词

all

most

some

any

no

+

cities

children

books

money

this/that…

my/your…

most

any

none

83、alot/much/many/(a)little/(a)few

(1)alotof+可数/不可数,也可不跟名词

(2)much+不可数,用于否定句与疑问句,也可不跟名词

(3)many+复数

(4)

alittle+不可数表“有一点但不多”

afew+复数表“有一点但是不多”

little+不可数表“几乎没有”

few+复数表“几乎没有”

88、abitolder/mucholder

Abitolderthan….

Abitmoredifficultthan…

Muchbetterthan…

Muchmoreexpensivethan…

89、notas…as

Notasmuchas….

Notasmanyas…

Thesameas….

90、theoldest/themostexpensive

可用最高级+I’veever…./you’veever….等:

Thefilmwasverybad.Ithinkit’stheworstfilmI’veeverseen.

Whatisthemostunusualthingyou’veeverdone?

91、enough/too

enoughforsb/sth

enoughtodosth

enoughforsb/sthtodosth

too…forsb/sth

too…todosth

too…forsbtodosth

93、词序

(1)地点状语位于时间状语之前:

wewenttoapartylastnight.

(2)always/never/often等词用于动词之前,be动词之后,两个动词之间:

alwaysofteneverrarelyalsoalreadyall

usuallysometimesneverseldomjuststillboth

.Ialwaysdrinkcoffeeinthemorning.

Iamalwaystired.

Iwillalwaysrememberyou./Icanneverfindmykeys.

96、give/lend/pass/send/show/buy/get

givesthtosb

givesbsth

当某物为代词it或them时,用第一种结构比较好:

Igaveittomyfather.

98、when

(1)当以when开头时,两部分用逗号隔开:

WhenIwentout,itwasraining.

(2)一般现在时用于when之后表示将来:

LisawillbeinMexicowhenSarahisinNewYork.

WhenIgethomethisevening,I’mgoingtohaveashower.

(3)before/while/after/until的用法类似:

Pleaseclosethewindowbeforeyougoout.

I’llwaithereuntilyoucomeback.

99、if

(1)if之后常用一般现在时:

IfyouseeAnntomorrow,canyouaskhertocallme?

Whatshallwedoifitrains?

(2)ifI/you/he/she/they/ithad……I/you/hewould….

ifI/it/he/shewas…或ifI/it/he/shewere….(这里的动词都是过去式)

If

I

they

had/knew/lived/went…

didn’thave/didn’tknow…

were…

could…

would(n’t)

could(n’t)

buy…

be…

have…

go….

在这种句子里,句意表示事实上这个假设不成立:

IfIhadthemoney,Iwouldbuyafastcar.事实上我没有钱买车。

Iwouldn’tgooutifIwereyou.事实上我不是你。

(3)比较

ifIhave/ifitis

·

ImustgoandseeHelen.IfIhavetime,Iwillgotoday.(=maybeI’llhavetime,somaybeI’llgo)

I’llhelpyouifIcan.(=maybeIcanhelpyou)

ifIhad/ifitwas

ImustgoandseeHelen.IfIhadtime,Iwouldgotoday.(=Idon’thavetimetoday,soIwillnotgo)

I’dhelpyouifIcould,butIcan’t.

103、at/on/in

at(时间点)

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