最新全国研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Word文档格式.docx

最新全国研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Word文档格式.docx

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By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million

ofthesenationslooked

tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence

theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careers

totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the

toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.

therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya

setoflaws.

Ontheissueof

ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,

therewaslessagreement

theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone

bytheSpanishcrown.

mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism

theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe

ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying

fortheconservativeforces.

Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad

inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s

colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch

becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies

.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas

self-ruleanddemocracy.

1.[A]natives

[B]inhabitants

[C]peoples（B）

[D]individuals

2.[A]confusedly

[B]cheerfully

[C]worriedly（D）

[D]hopefully

3.[A]shared

[B]forgot

[C]attained（A）

[D]rejected

4.[A]related

[B]close

[C]open（C）

[D]devoted

5.[A]access

[B]succession

[C]right（C）

[D]return

6.[A]Presumably

[B]Incidentally

[C]Obviously（D）

[D]Generally

7.[A]unique

[B]common

[C]particular（B）

[D]typical

8.[A]freedom

[B]origin

[C]impact（A）

[D]reform

9.[A]therefore

[B]however

[C]indeed（B）

[D]moreover

10.[A]with

[B]about

[C]among（C）

[D]by

11.[A]allowed

[B]preached

[C]granted（A）

[D]funded

12.[A]Since

[B]If

[C]Unless（D）

[D]While

13.[A]as

[B]for

[C]under（A）

[D]against

14.[A]spread

[B]interference

[C]exclusion（C）

[D]influence

15.[A]support

[B]cry

[C]plea（B）

[D]wish

16.[A]urged

[B]intended

[C]expected（D）

[D]promised

17.[A]controlling

[B]former

[C]remaining（C）

[D]original

18.[A]slower

[B]faster

[C]easier（A）

[D]tougher

19.[A]created

[B]produced

[C]contributed（B）

[D]preferred

20.[A]puzzledby

[B]hostileto

[C]pessimisticabout（D）

[D]unpreparedfor

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text1

Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:

elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.

Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?

Hereareafewguesses:

a）certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;

b）winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;

c）soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;

d）noneoftheabove.

AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:

trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”

Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.

Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:

thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformers–whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming–arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.

21.Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto

[A]stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining.

[B]spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup.

[C]introducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformance.（C）

[D]explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers.

22.Theword“mania”（Line4,Paragraph2）mostprobablymeans

[A]fun.

[B]craze.

[C]hysteria.（B）

[D]excitement.

23.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory

[A]dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation.

[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises.

[C]isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors.（A）

[D]requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration.

24.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat

[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.

[B]biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.

[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.（D）

[D]highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.

25.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?

[A]“Faithwillmovemountains.”

[B]“Onereapswhatonesows.”

[C]“Practicemakesperfect.”（C）

[D]“Likefather,likeson.”

Text2

Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;

thatgaveheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe（whoseIQis100）as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?

Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?

It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.

Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?

Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?

ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:

theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales（bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion）.Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest（SAT）andtheGraduateRecordExam（GRE）,capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.

Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?

”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.Anyonewhohastoiledthrough