Java外文翻译programminglanguage.docx

Java外文翻译programminglanguage.docx

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Java外文翻译programminglanguage

Java（programminglanguage）

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

JavaisaprogramminglanguageoriginallydevelopedbyJamesGoslingatSunMicrosystems（whichhassincemergedintoOracleCorporation）andreleasedin1995asacorecomponentofSunMicrosystems'Javaplatform.ThelanguagederivesmuchofitssyntaxfromCandC++buthasasimplerobjectmodelandfewerlow-levelfacilities.Javaapplicationsaretypicallycompiledtobytecode（classfile）thatcanrunonanyJavaVirtualMachine（JVM）regardlessofcomputerarchitecture.Javaisageneral-purpose,concurrent,class-based,object-orientedlanguagethatisspecificallydesignedtohaveasfewimplementationdependenciesaspossible.Itisintendedtoletapplicationdevelopers"writeonce,runanywhere,"meaningthatcodethatrunsononeplatformdoesnotneedtobeeditedtorunonanother.Javaiscurrentlyoneofthemostpopularprogramminglanguagesinuse,particularlyforclient-serverwebapplications,withareported10millionusers.[10][11]TheoriginalandreferenceimplementationJavacompilers,virtualmachines,andclasslibrariesweredevelopedbySunfrom1995.AsofMay2007,incompliancewiththespecificationsoftheJavaCommunityProcess,SunrelicensedmostofitsJavatechnologiesundertheGNUGeneralPublicLicense.OthershavealsodevelopedalternativeimplementationsoftheseSuntechnologies,suchastheGNUCompilerforJavaandGNUClasspath.

Contents

1History

1.1Principles

1.2Versions

2Practices

2.1Javaplatform

2.1.1Implementations

2.1.2Performance

2.2Automaticmemorymanagement

History

Seealso:

Java（softwareplatform）#History

JamesGosling,MikeSheridan,andPatrickNaughtoninitiatedtheJavalanguageprojectinJune1991.[12]Javawasoriginallydesignedforinteractivetelevision,butitwastooadvancedforthedigitalcabletelevisionindustryatthetime.[13]ThelanguagewasinitiallycalledOakafteranoaktreethatstoodoutsideGosling'soffice;itwentbythenameGreenlater,andwaslaterrenamedJava,fromJavacoffee,saidtobeconsumedinlargequantitiesbythelanguage'screators.[14]GoslingaimedtoimplementavirtualmachineandalanguagethathadafamiliarC/C++styleofnotation.[15]

SunMicrosystemsreleasedthefirstpublicimplementationasJava1.0in1995.Itpromised"WriteOnce,RunAnywhere"（WORA）,providingno-costrun-timesonpopularplatforms.Fairlysecureandfeaturingconfigurablesecurity,itallowednetwork-andfile-accessrestrictions.MajorwebbrowserssoonincorporatedtheabilitytorunJavaappletswithinwebpages,andJavaquicklybecamepopular.WiththeadventofJava2（releasedinitiallyasJ2SE1.2inDecember1998–1999）,newversionshadmultipleconfigurationsbuiltfordifferenttypesofplatforms.Forexample,J2EEtargetedenterpriseapplicationsandthegreatlystripped-downversionJ2MEformobileapplications（MobileJava）.J2SEdesignatedtheStandardEdition.In2006,formarketingpurposes,SunrenamednewJ2versionsasJavaEE,JavaME,andJavaSE,respectively.

In1997,SunMicrosystemsapproachedtheISO/IECJTC1standardsbodyandlatertheEcmaInternationaltoformalizeJava,butitsoonwithdrewfromtheprocess.[16]Javaremainsadefactostandard,controlledthroughtheJavaCommunityProcess.[17]Atonetime,SunmademostofitsJavaimplementationsavailablewithoutcharge,despitetheirproprietarysoftwarestatus.SungeneratedrevenuefromJavathroughthesellingoflicensesforspecializedproductssuchastheJavaEnterpriseSystem.SundistinguishesbetweenitsSoftwareDevelopmentKit（SDK）andRuntimeEnvironment（JRE）（asubsetoftheSDK）;theprimarydistinctioninvolvestheJRE'slackofthecompiler,utilityprograms,andheaderfiles.

OnNovember13,2006,SunreleasedmuchofJavaasfreeandopensourcesoftware,（FOSS）,underthetermsoftheGNUGeneralPublicLicense（GPL）.OnMay8,2007,Sunfinishedtheprocess,makingallofJava'scorecodeavailableunderfreesoftware/open-sourcedistributionterms,asidefromasmallportionofcodetowhichSundidnotholdthecopyright.[18]

Sun'svice-presidentRichGreensaidthatSun'sidealrolewithregardstoJavawasasan"evangelist."[19]FollowingOracleCorporation'sacquisitionofSun

Microsystemsin2009–2010,Oraclehasdescribeditselfasthe"stewardofJavatechnologywitharelentlesscommitmenttofosteringacommunityofparticipationandtransparency".[20]Javasoftwarerunsonlaptopstodatacenters,gameconsolestoscientificsupercomputers.Thereare930millionJavaRuntimeEnvironmentdownloadseachyearand3billionmobilephonesrunJava.[21]OnApril2,2010,JamesGoslingresignedfromOracle.[22]

Principles

TherewerefiveprimarygoalsinthecreationoftheJavalanguage:

[23]

1.Itshouldbe"simple,object-orientedandfamiliar"

2.Itshouldbe"robustand