语言学单元自测11文档格式.docx
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10.Inmothertongueacquisition,normalchildrenarenotnecessarilyequallysuccessful.
11.Forthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittleconsciousinstructiononthepartofadults.
12.Theavailableevidencetodateindicatesthatanexplicitteachingofcorrectformstoyoungchildrenplaysaminorroleatbest.
13.Correctionandreinforcementarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopmentastheywereclaimedtobe.
14.Imitationplaysatbestaveryminorroleinthechild’smasteryoflanguage.
15.Observationsofchildrenindifferentlanguageareasoftheworldrevealthatthedevelopmentalstagesaresimilar,possiblyuniversal,whateverthenatureoftheinput.
16.Achild’sbabblingseemstodependonthepresenceofacoustic,auditoryinput.
17.Ingeneral,thetwo-wordstagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild’sfirstyear.
18.Children’stwo-wordexpressionsareabsentofsyntacticormorphologicalmarkers.
19.Childrenfirstacquirethesoundsinalllanguagesoftheworld,nomatterwhatlanguagetheyareexposedto,andinlatestagesacquirethemoredifficultsounds.
20.Languageacquisitionbeginsataboutthesametimeaslateralizationdoesandisnormallycomplete,asfarastheessentialsareconcerned,bythetimethattheprocessoflateralizationcomestoanend.
II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.
21.Thefirstlanguagea____________referstothedevelopmentofafirstornativelanguage.
22.Accordingtoan__________viewoflanguageacquisition,humansarequippedwiththeneuralprerequisitesforlanguageandlanguageuse,justasbirdsarebiologicallypre-wiredtolearnthesongsoftheirspecies.
23.Acaretakerspeech,alsocalledm______orb______,isthetypeofmodifiedspeechtypicallyaddressedtoyoungchildren.
24.B_________learningtheorysuggestedthatachild’sverbalbehaviorwasconditionedthroughassociationbetweenastimulusandthefollowingresponse.
25.Children’sone-wordutterancesarealsocalledh__________sentences,becausetheycanbeusedtoexpressaconceptorpredicationthatwouldbeassociatedwithanentiresentenceinadultspeech.
26.Theearlymultiwordutterancesofchildrenlackinflectionalmorphemesandmostminorlexicalcategories,theyareoftenreferredtoast__________speech.
27.A___________referstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.
28.TheC________Analysiswasfoundedonthebeliefthatitwaspossible,byestablishingthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenthenativeandtargetlanguagesystems,topredictwhatproblemslearnersofaparticularsecondlanguagewouldfaceandthetypesoferrorstheywouldmake.
29.ThelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLAisknownasi_________.
30.Learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirfirstlanguageknowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknownaslanguaget___________.
31.Motivationinlanguagelearningcanbedefinedintermsofthelearner’soverallgoalororientation.I_________motivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalisfunctionalandi________motivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalissocial.
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Marktheonethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
32. Infirstlanguageacquisition,imitationplays_________.
A.aminorroleB.asignificantrole
C.abasicroleD.norule
33.Linguistshavefoundthatforthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccurs_____________.
A.withmuchimitationB.withlittleconsciousinstruction
C.withmuchcorrectionfromtheirparentsD.withlittlelinguisticinput
34.Thedevelopmentoflinguisticskillsinvolvestheacquisitionof____rulesratherthanthemerememorizationofwordsandsentences.
A.cultural B.grammatical
C.behaviour D.pragmatic
35.____hasbeenfoundtooccurusuallyinchildren'
spronunciationorreportingofthetruthfulnessofutterances,ratherthaninthegrammaticalityofsentences.
A.PunishmentB.Instruction
C.Reinforcement D.Imitation
36.Accordingtothe_______,theacquisitionofasecondlanguageinvolves,andisdependenton,theacquisitionofthecultureofthetargetlanguagecommunity.
A.acculturationviewB.mentalistview
C.behavioristviewD.conceptualistview
37.Ingeneral,agoodsecondlearnerisanadolescent________.
A.whohasastrongandwell-definedmotivationtolearn
B.whoseeksoutallchancestointeractwiththeinput
C.whoiswillingtoidentifyhimselfwiththecultureofthetargetlanguagecommunity
D.alltheabove
38.Theoptimumageforsecondlanguageacquisitionis________________.
A.earlyteenageB.afterpuberty
C.atpubertyD.afterthebrainlateralization
39.Theformalinstructioninsecondlanguageacquisition___________.
A.hasnoeffectatallB.hasapowerfuldelayedeffect
C.hasverylittleeffectD.hasunsatisfactoryeffect
40.________isbelievedtobeamajorsourceofincorrectformsresistanttofurtherinstruction.
A.Thesecondlanguagelearners’unwillingnesstolearn
B.Thepoorclassroomteaching
C.Thefossilizationofthelearner’sinterlanguage
D.Thelearner’slackofinstrumentalmotivation
41.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?
A.Interlanguageisaproductofcommunicativestrategiesofthelearner.
B.Interlanguageisaproductofmothertongueinterference.
C.Interlanguageisaproductofovergeneralizationofthetargetlanguagerules.
D.Interlanguageistherepresentationoflearners’unsystematicL2rules.
42. _________,exceptthosewithmentalorphysicalimpairments,arebetterorworsefirstlanguageacquirers.
A.SomemenB.Almostallmen
C.NomenD.Fewmen
IV.Explainthefollowingterms.
43.caretakerspeech
44.holophrasticsentences
45.telegraphicspeech
46.secondlanguageacquisition
47.acquisition
48.learning
49.transfer
50.interlanguage
51.fossilization
52.instrumentalmotivation
53.integrativemotivation
54.acculturation
V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary.
55.What'
sthedifferencebetweenacquisitionandlearning,accordingtoKrashen?
56.Howdothelearnerfactorspotentiallyinfluencethewayinwhichasecondlanguageisacquired?
57.WhatistheroleofinputforSLA?
58.Howdoyouunderstandinterlanguage?
59.Discussthecontrastiveanalysisindetail.
60.Whatarethemajorstagesthatachildhastofollowinfirstlanguagedevelopment?
Whatarethefeaturesofthelinguisticformsateachstage?
61.3Whatistheroleofcorrectionandreinforcementinfirstlanguageacquisition?
62.Whydowesaylanguageacquisitionisprimarilytheacquisitionofthegrammaticalsystemoflanguage?
63.Discussthebiologicalbasisoflanguageacquisition.
64.Whatistheroleofimitationinfirstlanguageacquisition?
SuggestedAnswers
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.
l.F2.T3.T4.T5.T6.F7.F8.F9.F10.F
11.T12.T13.T14.T15.T16.F17.F18.T19.T20.T
21.acquisition22.nativist23.motherese,babytalk24.Behaviorist
25.holophrastic26.telegraphic27.Acquisition28.Contrastive
29.interlanguage30.transfer31.Instrumental,integrative
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Marktheonethatcanbestcompletethestatement.
32.A33.B34.B35.C36.A
37.D38.A39.B40.C41.D
42.C
IV.Explainthefollowingterms.
43.Caretakerspeech:
Itisthemodifiedspeechtypicallyaddressedtoyoungchildren.Suchmodifiedspeechiscalledbabytalk,motherese,orparentese.
44.Holophrasticsentences:
Theyarechildren'
sone-wordutterances.Theyarecalledholophrasticsentences,becausetheycanbeusedtoexpressaconceptorpredicationthatwouldbeassociatedwithanentiresentenceinadultspeech.
45.Telegraphicspeech:
Theyaretheearlymultiwordutterancesofchildrenwhichtypicallylackinflectionalmorphemesandmostminorlexicalcategories.Somefunctionwordsarealtogethermissing.Whatoccurinthesemultiwordutterancesareusuallythe"
substantive"
or"
content"
wordsthatcarrythemainmessage.Becauseof