专题15 阅读理解高考英语考纲解读及热点难点试Word格式文档下载.docx

专题15 阅读理解高考英语考纲解读及热点难点试Word格式文档下载.docx

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2．人文实用性

每年的高考试卷中都有一定的新闻和广告方面的应用文，注重人文与学生生活、社会生活的结合，尽可能体现语言的实用性与工具性。

如：

全国卷的（英国）路透社对于美加边界居民跨国界做礼拜的报道。

3．体裁多样性

高考阅读的体裁包括人物传记、叙述文、说明文、应用文和议论文。

江苏卷的A篇是人物传记，介绍英国作家JaneAusten；

B篇是应用文，书店导购；

C篇是叙述文，讲述theSaharaFestival庆祝活动相关内容；

D篇是说明文，介绍植物自我保护功能；

E篇是议论文，论述了20世纪科学上的

进步给人类带来的影响。

可以说，如果语言输入量没有一定的广度，是不能适应这种选材上的多样化的。

4．考查综合性

为了能够考查学生较高层面上的阅读技能，所选语篇在结构上都较复杂。

作者在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上，运用了较高的组篇手段。

这些语篇内容一般有逻辑、有层次、有深度，因而，试题的命制也有相应的层次。

另外，每年都有一定比例的试题是考语言以外的背景知识，会涉及到人文、地理、历史、政治、自然科学等方面。

二、题干设计

总体来说，其干扰项目的设置具有一定的科学理论模糊性，正确答案项与干扰项差异不明显，因而干扰项具有很大的迷惑性。

供选项少则每项为一个词，多则每项为一个长句，多数是每项为一个短语。

阅读理解题设计从题干到选项都具有灵活、巧妙、含蓄、迂回、曲折等特点，干扰性体现在：

脱离原文、以偏概全、扩缩范围、偷换概念、正误并存。

因此，必须在明确题意、排除干扰、找出文章依据的前提下，经过深刻思考才能确定答案。

考点1、科普常识类

例1、（2013·

浙江，B）Belowisaselectionfromapopularsciencebook.

Ifbloodisred，whyareveins（静脉）blue?

Actually，veinsarenotblueatall.Theyaremoreofaclear，yellowishcolour.Althoughbloodlooksredwhenit'

soutsidethebody，whenit'

ssittinginaveinnearthesurfaceoftheskin，it'

smoreofadarkreddishpurplecolour.Attherightdepth，theseblood－filledveinsreflectlessredlightthanthesurroundingskin，makingthemlookbluebycomparison.

Whichworksharder，yourheartoryourbrain?

Thatkindofdependsonwhetheryou'

rebusythinkingorbusyexercising.Yourheartworksuptothreetimesharderduringexercise，andshiftsenoughbloodoveralifetimetofillasupertanker.But，inthelongrun，yourbrainprobablytipsit，becauseevenwhenyou'

resittingstillyourbrainisusingtwiceasmuchenergyasyourheart，andittakesfourtofivetimesasmuchbloodtofeedit.

Whydoteethfallout，andwhydon'

ttheygrowbackingrown－ups?

Baby（or“milk”）teethdonotlastlong；

theyfallouttomakeroomforbigger，strongeradultteethlateron.Adultteethfalloutwhentheybecomedamaged，decayedandinfectedbybacteria.Oncethissecondsetofteethhasgrownin，you'

redone.Whenthey'

regone，they'

regone.Thisisbecausenaturefiguresyou'

resetforlife，andwhatcontrolsregrowthofyourteethswitchesoff.

Dooldpeopleshrinkastheyage?

Yesandno.Manypeopledogetshorterastheyage.But，whentheydo，itisn'

tbecausethey'

reshrinkingallover.Theysimplyloseheightastheirspine（脊柱）becomesshorterandmorecurvedduetodisuseandtheeffectsofgravity（重力）．Many（butnotall）menandwomendoloseheightastheygetolder.Menloseanaverageof3－4cminheightastheyage，whilewomenmaylose5cmormore.Ifyoulivetobe200yearsold，wouldyoukeepshrinkingtillyouwere，like60cmtall，likealittleboyagain？

No，becauseoldpeopledon'

treallyshrink！

Itisnotthattheyaregrowingbackwards—theirlegs，armsandbackbonesgettingshorter.Whentheydogetshorter，it'

sbecausethespinehasshortenedalittle.Or，moreoften，becomemorebentandcurved.

Whydoesspinningmakeyoudizzy（眩晕的）?

Becauseyourbraingetsconfusedbetweenwhatyou'

reseeingandwhatyou'

refeeling.Thebrainsensesthatyou'

respinningusingspecialgravity－and－motion－sensingorgansinyourinnerear，whichworktogetherwithyoureyestokeepyourvisionandbalancestable.But，whenyousuddenlystopspinningthesystemgoesoutofcontrol，andyourbrainthinksyou'

removingwhileyou'

renot!

Wheredofeelingsandemotionscomefrom?

Mostlyfromanancientpartofthebraincalledthelimbicsystem.Allmammalshavethisbrainarea—frommicetodogs，cats，andhumans.Soallmammalsfeelbasicemotionslikefear，painandpleasure.Butsincehumanfeelingsalsoinvolveother，newerbitsofthebrain，wefeelmorecomplexemotionsthananyotheranimalontheplanet.

Ifexercisewearsyouout，howcanitbegoodforyou?

Becauseourbodiesadapttoeverythingwedotothem.Andasfarasyourbodyisconcerned，it'

s“useit，orloseit”！

It'

snotthatexercisemakesyouhealthy；

it'

smorethatalackofexerciseleavesyourbodyweakandeasilyaffectedbydisease.

1．Whatisthecolourofbloodinaveinnearthesurfaceoftheskin?

A．Blue.B．Lightyellow.

C．Red.D．Darkreddishpurple.

2．Whydosomeoldpeoplelookalittleshrunkenastheyage?

A．Becausetheirspineisinactiveuse.

B．Becausetheyaremoreeasilyaffectedbygravity.

C．Becausetheykeepgrowingbackwards.

D．Becausetheirspinebecomesmorebent.

3．Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutourbrainistrue?

A．Inthelongrun，ourbrainprobablyworksharderthanourheart.

B．Whenourbrainsensesthespinning，wewillfeeldizzy.

C．Thebrainsoftheothermammalsareascomplexasthoseofhumans.

D．Ourfeelingsandemotionscomefromthemostdevelopedareainourbrain.

4．Whatisthemainpurposeoftheselection?

A．Togiveadviceonhowtostayhealthy.

B．Toprovideinformationaboutourbody.

C．Tochallengenewfindingsinmedicalresearch.

D．Toreportthelatestdiscoveriesinmedicalscience.

考点2、社会现象类

例2、（2013·

湖北，D）AGermanstudysuggeststhatpeoplewhoweretoooptimisticabouttheirfutureactuallyfacedgreaterriskofdisabilityordeathwithin10yearsthanthosepessimistswhoexpectedtheirfuturetobeworse.

Thepaper,publishedthisMarchinPsychologyandAging,examinedhealthandwelfaresurveysfromroughly40,000Germansbetweenages18and96.Thesurveyswereconductedeveryyearfrom1993to2003.

Surveyrespondents（受访者）wereaskedtoestimatetheirpresentandfuturelifesatisfactiononascaleof0to10,amongotherquestions.

Theresearchersfoundthatyoungadults（age18to39）routinelyoverestimatedtheirfuturelifesatisfaction,whilemiddle－agedadults（age40to64）moreaccuratelypredictedhowtheywouldfeelinthefuture.Adultsof65andolder,however,werefarmorelikelytounderestimatetheirfuturelifesatisfaction.Notonlydidtheyfeelmoresatisfiedthantheythoughttheywould,theolderpessimistsseemedtosufferalowerratio（比率）ofdisabilityanddeathforthestudyperiod.

“Weobservedthatbeingtoooptimisticinpredictingabetterfuturethanactuallyobservedwasassociatedwithagreaterriskofdisabilityandagreaterriskofdeathwithinthefollowingdecade，”wroteFriederR．Lang,aprofessorattheUniversityofErlangen－Nuremberg.

Langandhiscolleaguesbelievedthatpeoplewhowerepessimisticabouttheirfuturemaybemorecarefulabouttheiractionsthanpeoplewhoexpectedarosyfuture.

“Seeingadarkfuturemayencouragepositiveevaluationsoftheactualselfandmaycontributetotakingimprovedprecautions（预防措施），”theauthorswrote.

Surprisingly,comparedwiththoseinpoorhealthorwhohadlowincomes,respondentswhoenjoyedgoodhealthorincomewereassociatedwithexpectingagreaterdecline.Also,theresearcherssaidthathigherincomewasrelatedtoagreaterriskofdisability.

Theauthorsofthestudynotedthattherewerelimitationstotheirconclusions.Illness,medicaltreatmentandpersonallosscouldalsohavedrivenhealthoutcomes.

However,theresearcherssaidapatternwasclear.“Wefoundthatfromearlytolateadulthood,individualsadapttheirexpectationsoffuturelifesatisfactionfromoptimistic,toaccurate,topessimistic，”theauthorsconcluded.

5．Accordingtothestudy,whomadethemostaccuratepredictionoftheirfuturelifesatisfaction?

A．Optimisticadults.B．Middle－agedadults.

C．Adultsinpoorhealth.D．Adultsoflowerincome.

6．Pessimismmaybepositiveinsomewaybecauseitcausespeople________.

A．tofullyenjoytheirpresentlife

B．toestimatetheircontributionaccurately

C．totakemeasuresagainstpotentialrisks

D．tovaluehealthmorehighlythanwealth

7．Howdopeopleofhigherincomeseetheirfuture?

A．Theywillearnlessmoney.

B．Theywillbecomepessimistic.

C．Theywillsuffermentalillness.

D．Theywillhavelesstimetoenjoylife.

8．Whatistheclearconclusionofthestudy?

A．Pessimismguaranteeschancesofsurvival.

B．Goodfinancialconditionleadstogoodhealth.

C．Medicaltreatmentdetermineshealthoutcomes.

D．Expectationsoffuturelifesatisfactiondeclinewithage.

考点3、人文地理类

例3、（2013·

重庆，D）NotallbodiesofwateraresoevidentlyaliveastheAtlanticOcean，anS－shapedbodyofwatercovering33millionsquaremiles.TheAtlantichas，inasense，replacedtheMediterraneanastheinlandseaofWesterncivilization.Unlikerealinlandseas，whichseemstrangelystill，theAtlanticisrichinoceanicliveliness.Itisperhapsnotsurprisingthatitsvitalityhasbeenmuchwrittenaboutbyancientpoets.

“StormatSea”，ashortpoemwrittenaround700，isgenerallyregardedasoneofmankind'

searliestartisticrepresentationsoftheAtlantic.

Whenthewindisfromthewest

Allthewavesthatcannotrest

Totheeastmustthunderon

Wherethebrighttreeofthesun

Isrootedintheocean'

sbreast.

Asthepoemsuggests，theAtlanticisneverdeadanddull.Itisanoceanthatmoves，impressivelyandendlessly.Itmakesallkindsofnoise—itisforeverthundering，boiling，crashing，andwhistling.

ItiseasytoimaginetheAtlantictryingtodrawbreath－perhapsnotsonoticeablyoutinmid－ocean，butwhereitmeetsland，itswatersbathingupanddownasandybeach.Itmimics（模仿）nearlyperfectlythesteadybreathingofalivingcreature.Itisfilledwithsymbioticexistences，too：

unimaginablequantitiesofcreatures，littleandlargealike，mixwithinitsdepthsinakindofoceanicharmony，givingtothewatersafeelingofheartbeat，akindofsub－oceanvitality.Andithasapsychology.Ithaspersonalities：

sometimespeacefulandpleasant，onrareoccasionsroughandwild；

alwaysitisstrongandstriking.

9．Unlikerealinlandseas，theAtlanticOceanis________.

A．alwaysenergeticB．lackinginlivelines