高中英语 高考主旨大意题解题方法 第1讲 阅读主旨大意解题方法 学生版Word文档格式.docx
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reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant'
sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet'
spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.
Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?
A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.
B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.
C.Waystoimproverestaurants'
reputation.
D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.
2(2016江苏卷)
Humanchildren,ontheotherhand,arenaturallycooperative.Fromtheearliestages,theydesiretohelpothers,toshareinformationandtoparticipateinachievingcommongoals.ThepsychologistMichaelTomasellohasstudiedthiscooperativenessinaseriesofexperimentswithveryyoungchildren.Hefindsthatifbabiesaged18monthsseeanunrelatedadultwithhandsfulltryingtoopenadoor,almostallwillimmediatelytrytohelp.
Thereareseveralreasonstobelievethattheurgestohelp,informandsharearenottaught,butnaturallypossessedinyoungchildren.Oneisthattheseinstinctsappearataveryyoungagebeforemostparentshavestartedtotraintheirchildrentobehavesocially.Anotheristhatthehelpingbehaviorsarenotimprovedifthechildrenarerewarded.Athirdreasonisthatsocialintelligencedevelopsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive(认知的)skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomasello,thehumanchildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtestsbutwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocialworld.
Thecoreofwhatchildren'
smindshaveandchimps'
don'
tiswhatTomasellocallssharedintentionality.Partofthisabilityisthattheycaninferwhatothersknoworarethinking.Butbeyondthat,evenveryyoungchildrenwanttobepartofasharedpurpose.Theyactivelyseektobepartofa"
we"
agroupthatintendstoworktowardasharedgoal.
Thepassageismainlyabout___________.
A.thehelpingbehaviorsofyoungchildren
B.waystotrainchildren'
ssharedintentionality
C.cooperationasadistinctivehumannature
D.thedevelopmentofintelligenceinchildren
精讲精练
题型解读
阅读理解历来都是高考英语试卷中难度最大、区分度最高的题型,它要求考生理解文章的主旨和要义;
理解文中的具体信息;
根据上下文推断生词的词义;
理解文章的基本结构;
理解作者的意图、观点和态度等。
方法点拨
第一讲和第二讲都属于对文章宏观结构的把握,因此第二讲的方法完全可以用于本讲。
每一篇文章均是由若干个段落组成的,段落由表述某一主题的一系列句子组成的。
而对于整篇的文章来说,具体段落的段落主题又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。
常用的技能有:
一、段落大意题(同样适用于选标题)解题技巧
1.寻找主题句。
有的文章主题句在段首或段尾。
这类文章一般段内层次较为分明,绝大部分遵守:
一般---具体模式,即:
先概括说明,然后具体解释,写作手法某本是:
因果解释;
比较或对比;
举例等。
类似我们通常所说的先总后分,但先分后总的结构也较为常见。
偶尔主题句有时会出现在段落的中间。
要把握住段落的逻辑结构,就要特别关注段内的过渡词,如:
however,but,and,also,forexample,inconclusion,onthecontrary等。
2.抓住关键词。
有些段落没有明显的主题句,这时可通过略读把注意力集中在关键词上。
关键词都是实词,如名词、动词、形容词、副词或数词等。
请记住,关键词不要超过四个。
最后,对所收集到的关键词进行加工,概括总结。
3.根据结构特点。
由于文章的结构不同,主题句出现的位置通常有三种情况:
(1)采用归纳法撰写的段落,表述的事例在前,概括性的观点居后,主题句则位于段末。
(2)运用演绎法撰写的段落,先提出观点,后举例论证,主题句则出现在段首。
(3)如果作者采用由事例——观点——事例的写作方式,则主题句出现在段落的中间。
(4)如果文章没有明显的主题句,则根据内容的提示,通过逻辑推理,概括出段落大意。
在找出主题句的基础上,对各段落主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。
二、全文大意题解题技巧
全文大意题考查考生能否分辨主题和细节,是否具有提纲挚领的能力。
做这类题时,要求考生能理解全文细节,然后运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结。
主题句通常出现在文章第一段或最后一段,有些文章的主题句需要归纳总结每段的段落大意。
2.串联关键词或高频词。
把每一段的关键词串联起来,往往形成一个完整的情节链。
或者选项形式为一两个单词或一个短语时,贯穿全文始终的单词或短语(即高频词)应是正确选项。
也有的文章有小标题,考生可以把这些小标题作为关键词去概括全文大意。
三、寻找主题句的通用方法:
1.转折连接词。
尤其是在第二段、第三段中,含有转折连接词的句子大部分都是主题句。
例如:
however,but,while
2.出现在新使用法或表示"
应该、有必要"
的应当性情态动词,以及动词(短语)后的内容,大部分都是主题句。
此类词有:
must,haveto,should,oughtto,hadbetter,need,beforced/boundto,itisimportant/necessary/essential
3.表示举例的连接词之前的部分,大多是主题句。
表示举例的连接词:
forexample,suchas,forinstance,asfollows
四、选标题的两个注意
标题能高度概括文章内容,点明文章主题的文字,往往短小精悍,言简意败。
它既可以是单词、短语,也可以是简短句子,甚至可以是疑问词加不定式结构或名词加同位语结构。
除有介绍功能外,不少标题情感浓烈,可以表示鼓励、劝告、建议、批评、讽刺、赞美、表扬等感情,教育意义强,感染度高。
1.标题需要一定的概括度。
所选标题必须能概括全文中心内容。
2.标题尽可能的切合、新颖。
所谓切合,即能和文章的高频词对应;
所谓新颖,即用简洁的语言和一些修辞手法(例如双关)来表达主题。
3.标题一般都包含高频词。
即反复出现的词,应该包含在标题里。
【例题精讲】
1(2018全国I卷)
Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.
……
Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):
noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.
Whatisthemainideaofthetext?
A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.
B.People'
slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.
C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.
D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.
2(2018全国II卷)
Teensandyoungerchildrenarereadingalotlessforfun,accordingtoaCommonSenseMediareportpublishedMonday.
........
WhatistheCommonSenseMediareportprobablyabout?
A.Children'
sreadinghabits.
B.Qualityofchildren'
sbooks.
C.Children'
safter-classactivities.
D.Parent-childrelationships.
3(2018全国II卷)
We'
vebeenthere:
inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.
What'
stheproblem?
Itispossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It'
smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit'
sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit'
sannoyingandunnecessary.
Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit'
saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.
Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoresearchouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk."
Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,"
hesays.
Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.ConversationCounts
B.WaysofMakingSmallTalk
C.BenefitsofSmallTalk
D.UncomfortableSilence
【巩固练习】
1(2011江苏卷)
Weknowthefamousones-theThomasEdisonsandtheAlexanderGrahamBells-butwhataboutthelessfamousinventors?
Whataboutthepeoplewhoinventedthetrafficlightandthewindshieldwiper(雨刮器)?
Shouldn'
tweknowwhotheyare?
Todaywebenefitfromcountlessinventionsandinnovations.It'
shardtoimaginedrivingwithoutGarrettA.Morgan'
strafficlight.It'
sequallyimpossibletopictureaworldwithoutKatherineJ.Blodgett'
sinnovationthatmakesglassinvisible.Canyoupicturelifewithoutclearwindowsandeyeglasses?
Whichofthefollowingcanbestserveasthetitleofthispassage?
A.HowtoHelpStudentstoSellTheirInventionstoProducers?
B.HowtoDesignaBuilt-inDeviceforCleaningtheWindow?
C.Shouldn'
tWeKnowWhoInventedtheWindshieldWiper?
D.Shouldn'
tWeDevelopInventionCoursesinUniversities?
2(2011江苏卷)
Thatday,theboysfrombothteamshelpedbringapieceoftrueloveandhumanityintothisworld.Shaydidn'
tmakeittoanothersummeranddiedthatwinter,havingneverforgottenbeingtheheroandmakinghisfathersohappyandcominghomeandseeinghismothertearfullyhugherlittleherooftheday!
Whatdoyouthinkisthethemeofthestory?
A.Truehumannaturecouldberealizedinthewaywetreateachother.
B.Everyonehashisownstrengthevenifmentallyorphysicallydisabled.
C.Everyonecandevelophisteamspiritinsportsandpleasehisparents.
D.Theresultsofthegameshouldnotbetheonlyconcernoftheplayers.
3(江苏卷)
Ofcourse,marketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistributebymerit,othersbyneed,stillothersbychance.However,thetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeues,andothernon-marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue-jumpingschemeswe'
veconsidered-atairportsandamusementparks,incallcenters,doctors'
offices,andnationalparks--arerecentdevelopments,scarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseemanunusualconcern,butthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered.
Thepassageismeantto_______________________.
A.justifypayingforfasterservices
B.discussthemoralsofallocatingthings
C.analyzethereasonforstandinginline
D.criticizethebehaviorofqueuejumping
4(2014江苏卷)
MarkTwainhasbeencalledtheinventoroftheAmericannovel.Andhesurelydeservesadditionalpraise:
themanwhopopularizedthecleverliteraryattackonracism.
WasTwainaracist?
Askingthequestioninthe21stcenturyisaswiseasaskingthesameofLincoln.Ifwereadthewordsandattitudesofthepastthroughthe"
wisdom"
oftheconsideredmoraljudgmentsofthepresent,wewillfindnothingbuterror.Lincoln,whobelievedtheblackmantheinferiorofthewhite,foughtandwonawartofreehim.AndTwain,raisedinaslavestate,brieflyasoldier,andinventorofJim,mayhavedonemoretoangerthenationoverracialinjusticeandawakenitscollectiveconsciencethananyothernovelistinthepastcentury.
Whatdoestheau