六级试题及答案Word文档格式.docx
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PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
Google'
sPlanforWorld'
sBiggestOnlineLibrary:
PhilanthropyOrActofPiracy?
Inrecentyears,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenworkinghardtomakedigitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesinAmericaandEurope-includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexactmethoditusesisunclear;
thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.
WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure?
Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?
Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"
organizetheworld'
sinformation"
soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.
Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavingloftyaspirations."
Thisreallyisn'
taboutmakingmoney.Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."
AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:
"
Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehopetoexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."
DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,doesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilyaphilanthropic(慈善的)exercise."
scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle'
ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"
hesays."
Butwehaveneverbuiltaspreadsheet(电子数据表)outliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany'
sfounders."
Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionarypassion.ButGoogle'
sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecentlyemerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshaveleveledtwosetsofcriticismsatGoogle.
First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld'
sbooksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.InarecentessayintheNewYorkReviewofBooks,RobertDanton,theheadofHarvardUniversity'
slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.
ThesecondrelatedcriticismisthatGoogle'
sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecomingmiredin(陷入)alegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakestheJaundiceandJaundicecaseinCharlesDickens'
BleakHouselookstraightforward.
Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:
thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmostbooks,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedbycopyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthedurationofanauthor'
slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor'
sheirstobenefit.(InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.)Thismeans,ofcourse,thatalmostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright–andthelastcenturysawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40millionbooksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27millionareoutofprint.
OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"
publicdomain"
(workssuchastheBodleian'
sfirsteditionofMiddlemarch,whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch).
But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.Initsdefense,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysmallsegmentsofbooksthatareincopyright–arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"
fairuse"
.Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesofthesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy.
"
Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonceauthorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"
saysPiersBluffed,oftheSheilaLandliteraryagencyinLondon."
Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtask."
In2005,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishers,launchedaclassactionsuit(集团诉讼)againstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarecomplicated-thetextalonerunsto385pages–andtryingtosummarizeitisnoeasytask."
Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"
saysBluffed,oneofthesettlement'
smostvocalBritishcritics.
Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletocompensateauthorsandpublisherswhoserightsithasbreached(includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks).Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.
ThissettlementhandsGooglethepower-butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders–toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondealssoldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicense.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement'
smostcontroversialaspect.
Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany'
srolefromproviderofinformationtoseller."
sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"
pointsoutJamesGrimmelman,associateprofessoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement'
sprovisions,Googlecouldbecomeasignificantforceinbookselling.
Interestinthisaspectofthesettlementhasfocusedon"
orphan"
works,wherethereisnoknowncopyrightholder–thesemakeupanestimated5-10%ofthebooksGooglehasscanned.Underthesettlement,whennorightsholderscomeforwardandregistertheirinterestinawork,commercialcontrolautomaticallyrevertstoGoogle.Googlewillbeabletodisplayupto20%oforphanworksforfree,includetheminitssubscriptiondealstolibrariesandsellthemtoindividualbuyersundertheconsumerlicense.
Itisbynomeanscertainthatthesettlementwillbeenacted(执行)–itisthesubjectoffairnesshearingintheUScourts.Butifitisenacted,GooglewillineffectbeoffthehookasfarascopyrightviolationsintheUSareconcerned.Manypeopleareseriouslyconcernedbythis-andthecompanyislikelytofacechallengesinothercourtsaroundtheworld.
NooneknowsthepreciseuseGooglewillmakeoftheintellectualpropertyithasgainedbyscanningtheworld'
slibrarybooks,andthetruth,asGerick,anAmericansciencewriterandmemberoftheAuthorsGuild,pointsout,isthatthecompanyprobablydoesn'
tevenknowitself.Butwhatiscertainisthat,insomewayorother,Google'
sentranceintodigitalbooksellingwillhaveasignificantimpactonthebookworldintheyearstocome.
1.Googleclaimsitsplanfortheworld'
sbiggestonlinelibraryis_____.
A)toservetheinterestofthegeneralpublic
B)toencouragereadingaroundtheworld
C)tosaveout-of-printbooksinlibraries
D)topromoteitscorebusinessofsearching
2.AccordingtoSantiagodelaMora,Google'
sbook-scanningprojectwill_____.
A)broadenhumanity'
sintellectualhorizons
B)helpthebroadmassesofreaders
C)revolutionizetheentirebookindustry
D)makefulluseofthepowerofitssearchengine
3.OpponentsofGoogleBooksbelievethatdigitallyarchivingtheworld'
sbooksshouldbecontrolledby_____.
A)non-profitorganizationsC)multinationalcompanies
B)theworld'
sleadinglibrariesD)theworld'
stechgiants
4.Googlehasinvolveditselfinalegalbattleasitignored_____.
A)thecopyrightofauthorsofout-of-printbooks
B)thecopyrightofthebooksitscanned
C)theinterestoftraditionalbooksellers
D)thedifferencesofin-printandout-of-printbooks
5.Googledefendsitsscanningin-copyrightbooksbysayingthat_____.
A)itdisplaysonlyasmallpartoftheircontent
B)itiswillingtocompensatethecopyrightholders
C)makingelectroniccopiesofbooksisnotaviolationofcopyright
D)theonlinedisplayofin-copyrightbooksisnotforcommercialuse
6.WhatdowelearnabouttheclassactionsuitagainstGoogle?
A)ItendedinavictoryfortheAuthorsGuildofAmerica.
B)Itwassettledaftermorethantwoyearsofnegotiation.
C)ItfailedtoprotecttheinterestsofAmericanpublishers.
D)Itcouldleadtomoreout-of-courtsettlementsofsuchdisputes.
7.Whatremainedcontroversialaftertheclassactionsuitended?
A)Thecompensationforcopyrigh