A Comparative Study of Modesty in Analects and t 1 1 1 1 1Word下载.docx

A Comparative Study of Modesty in Analects and t 1 1 1 1 1Word下载.docx

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ModestyisconsideredasagoodpersonalqualitybyallthenationsanditistheChinesetraditionalvirtue.Duringtheprocessofcross-culturalcommunication,moderatemodestyispolite.However,differentcountrieshavedifferentculturalbackgrounds,thustheyhavedifferentunderstandingtowardsmodesty.TheideologyinTheBibledevelopsthroughoutthewholehistoryofthewesternculturewhileTheAnalectsinfluencesthethoughtofChinesepeoplethemost.Thisthesisregardsthesetwosignificantworksofideologyasculturalmaterials.Throughcomparativeanalysis,theresearchtriestofindthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthediverseculturesandexplorethenatureoftheinherentspirit,thuspromotingtheculturalcommunicationofchinaandthewesterncountriesinthebackgroundofglobalization.

ThisstudytakesHofstede’sfiveculturedimensionasthebasictheory.Therearethreemainstudyquestions:

thedifferentandsimilarmanifestationofmodestyofChineseandwesterncountriesinthemodernsociety;

theculturalreasonofthedifferencesbehindtheConfucianismandthereligionandtherevelationtothemoderncross-culturalcommunication.AllthephilosophicexamplesarefromtheAnalectsandtheholyBibleandrevealthedeeperculturalreasonbehindthosecorpuses.

ThestudyfoundtheChinesemodestywasinfluencedbytheConfucianismandthelong-termfeudalsocietywhilethewesternmodestywasinfluencedbythereligionandcommercialsociety.Peopleshouldrespectdivergenceandexpressmodestyinamoderateway.

Keywords:

modesty;

theAnalectsandBiblecomparative;

cross-culturalcommunication;

Chineseandwesterncomparative

摘要

谦虚在各个国家都被认为是好的个人品质，同时也是中华民族传统美德。

在跨文化交际的过程中，适度的谦虚是礼貌的表现。

然而，不同的民族受到各自不同文化背景的影响，就造成了对谦虚的理解和表达的不同。

《圣经》中的文化贯穿了西方思想的始终，《论语》中文化极大影响了中国人思想的形成。

本文选取《圣经》和《论语》这两篇典型的中西方思想著作为文化材料，通过对比分析的方法，试图探究中西方文化的不同和相似之处，探索两种不同文化的谦虚思想内在的精神本质，从而促进如今全球化的大背景下的中西方文化交流。

本项研究以Hofstede的五个文化维度为理论依据，主要研究三个问题：

现代中西方国家表达谦虚的相似和不同，儒家和宗教背后的深层文化原因和对现代全球化社会跨文化交际的启示。

文中的哲理性例子摘自论语和圣经，通过这些例子来反映这些不同的深层文化原因。

研究发现中国式谦虚受到了儒家和长期封建社会的影响，西方国家的谦虚受到宗教和商业社会的影响。

在交际中，人们应当尊重差异，适度表达谦虚。

关键词：

谦虚；

圣经和论语对比；

跨文化交际；

中西方对比

Contents

Chapter1introduction………………………………………….…1

1.1Thehistoricalposition……………………………………………………..…1

1.1.1Theformationbackground…………………………………………….1

1.1.2Theculturalinfluence………………………………………………….1

1.2Thetruenature………………………………………………………………...2

1.2.1TheethicalessenceofmodestyintheAnalects………………….…….2

1.2.2TheethicalessenceofmodestyintheBible…………………….….….3

1.3features………………………………………………………..………………3

1.3.1Theself-deprecatingmodestyintheAnalects……………….…………3

1.3.2ThepiousmodestyintheBible…………………………………...……4

Chapter2AnalysisandDiscussion……………………………….5

2.1differences……………………………………………………………..………5

2.1.1Responsetoappreciationorexpressappreciation……………………...5

2.1.2Statusrank……………………………………………………...………6

2.1.3Wordsandexpressions…………………………………………….…...7

2.1.4Faceperception……………………………………………………..….92.2similarities………………………………………………………………………9

2.2.1Thebaseofpersonalmoral……………………………………………9

2.2.2Theproductofcivilization……………………………………….……9

2.3reasonsfordifferences……………………………………………………..…10

2.3.1Hofstede’sfiveculturaldimensions…………………………….……10

2.3.2TheConfucianmodesty………………………………………………12

2.3.3Thebiblicalmodesty………………………………………………….13

ChapterConclusion........................................................................15

3.1mainfindings………………………………………………………………….15

3.2Theglobalizationandcross-culturalcommunication…………………………15

Chapter1TheComparisonofFormation

TheAnalectswaswrittenintheSpringandAutumnperiod.TheBiblewasbegunwritinginaboutfourthousandyearsagoanditwaswrittenbydifferentpeopleatdifferenttimeindifferentplace.Ittakesalmost1600yearstofinishit.Theybothhavealonghistory.Therefore,itmeansalottoknowthehistoricalandculturalbackgroundsoftheirformationinordertounderstandthecoreideasofthetwobooks.

1.1ThehistoricalpositionoftheAnalectsandtheBible

1.1.1Theformationbackground

TheAnalectswerewrittenintheWarringStates.Duringthattime,thewholecountrywasinamessandthepeoplewerelivinginmisery.Theintellectualswereunsatisfiedaboutthatsituationandtriedtofindwaysout.Asaresult,themajorschoolsofthoughtscameintobeing.TheAnalects,astherepresentativeworkofConfucianism,whichwaslaterbecametherulingphilosophyofChina,haslaidanimportantfoundation.“ItbasicallybecametheofficialideologyofChinesefeudalsocietyanditwashighlyvaluedandpraisedbytherulingclassthroughtheages”.[3]ThecentralthoughtofConfucianismisbenevolence.Ittellspeopletobeahumanemanandthustobemodest,politeandfilial.

ThecultureofwesterncountrieswasoriginatedfromAncientGreekcivilization,ancientHebrewcivilizationandancientromancivilizationwhichrepresentedbySocrates,PlatoandAristotle.ThesethreeoriginationsinfluencethewesterncultureintheshapeoftheChristian.JesusisthecentralfigureinChristianity.ChristmasstoryoftengivesabiblicalaccountoftheeventssurroundingthebirthofJesusChrist.ThelaterwesternliteratureandartwereinfluencedbytheBibledeeply.TheBible,asthedoctrineoftheChristian,thuscontributesalottothewesternculture.

1.1.2Theculturalinfluence

Theybothmadegreatdifferencetotheircultureandtheirthoughtspenetratesintoeveryaspectsofpeople’sdailylife.

TheAnalects,thepreciousspiritualheritage,recordsConfucius’steachingsandwisdom.ItdevelopsconstantlyduringthelonghistoryofChina.TheprimeministeroffeudalChinainSongdynastyoncesaid:

“halfoftheAnalectscouldrulethewholecountry”.TheethicalthoughthasinfluencedtheChinesepeopletothisday.TheyworshiptheConfuciustoblessfortheirgoodfortuneintests.TheyobeytheeducationalandmoralthoughtsoftheAnalects.TheChinesehistorianXiaZengyouoncesaid:

“themakingofChinaliesintherespectivefeatsofthreeFoundingFathers,namely,ConfuciuswhopioneeredChineseeducation,QinShihuangwhocreatedChinesesystemsandHanWudiwhoestablishedChineseterritory”.ConfuciushasagreatinfluencetoChineseculture.

Christianoccupiesaverydominantplaceinwesterncountriesandevencrossthebarrierofborderandcountry.TheBiblebecameoneofthesourcesofwesternliteratureandarts.Itisalsothebookwhichhasthehighestamountofprinting,circulationandeventhetranslatedtypes.“Godisthefaithfulgod,keephiscovenantoflovetoathousandgenerationsofthosewholovehimandkeephisdemands”.[2]TheyalltaketheBibleastheirbehavioralrule.Themostimportantfestivalisreligiousfestivalandtheydon’tlikethenumber13whichrepresentsJudaswhobetrayedJesus.Goetheonceevaluatedit:

“theworldcanmoveonquicklyandthesciencecandeveloptothehigherstage,butthereisnothingcouldreplacethepositionoftheBible”.

1.2Thetruenatureofthesetwoideologies

1.2.1TheethicalessenceofmodestyintheAnalects

IntheAnalects,modestymeansbeingnotcomplacentandshowingrespect.Confuciuslaysemphasizesonaccumulatingknowledgeandlearningtoothersandheconveysthethoughtofbeingdiligentandmodesty.Whenacquiringindirectknowledge,headvocatesbeingawillinglearnerandreflectingupononeself.“Ifthreemenareworkingtogether,oneofthemisboundtobegoodenoughtobemyteacher”[1].Modesty,aspartofrite,haspenetratedintoone’swordsanddeeds.

“Themostvaluableuseoftheritesistoachieveharmony”.Chineseculturevaluesharmonyandavoidsconflicts.Peopleneedtobemodestenoughtopromotetheharmoniousrelationshipwithothers.Andtheyoftenbelittlethemselvestobridgethedistancewithothers.Modestyissoimportantinone’sdailylifethatithasmadearulethatpeopleneedtobemodestineveryaspectsoftheirlife.RiteandmusicisaculturalorderinZhouDynastywhilethefunctionofriteistoachieveharmony.Modestyaspartoftheritesystemsurelyplaysanimportantroleinachievingharmonyofsocialrelations.Thethoughtofmodestyinittransferredfromreligiousethictomoralethicandrootedinpeople’sminds.

1.2.2TheethicalessenceofmodestyintheBible

TheBible,asthecoreofChristiantheology,thethoughtofmodestyoftenmanifestsashumilitytoGods.GodisthecenterinChristian’seyes.Allthemoralrulesandotherculturalthingsarebasedontheirreligion.Thealmightygodcreatedeverything.Thealmightygodlovespeople.Thuspeopleshouldobeygod.

TheBiblehastwoethicalbaseswhichare“peoplearebornguiltyandpeoplearecreatedequal.ThusguiltandconfessarethetwomaintopicsoftheBible.Ittellspeopletolove,toforgive,tobelieve.GodlovesthecommonpeopleandthecommonpeopleloveGod.Thehappiestthingtopeopleistogetbacktogod’sside.PeoplecannothandlethisontheirownandtheyneedthegraceofgodandtheredemptionofChrist.Inthemeantime,apersonneedstolovegodandloveotherswithallhisheartandputitintopractice.”Aman’spridebringshimlow,butamanoflowlyspiritgainshonor”.ThatiswhattheBiblesayaboutmodestandittriestotellpeoplethatbeingmodestishonorable.Itisfromtheperspectiveofoneselftoennoblehimself.“Ifyourrighteyecausesyoutosin,pluckitoutandcastitfromyou;

foritismoreprofitableforyouthatoneofyourmembersperish,thanforyourwholebodytobecastintohell”.WhatistoconveyoftheHolyBibleist