美国文学1RomanticWord格式文档下载.docx

美国文学1RomanticWord格式文档下载.docx

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　　2．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。

　　3．分析讨论选读作品

Ⅲ.本章考核知识点和考核要求：

　1.美国浪漫主义时期概述

（1）．"

识记"

内容：

美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景

（2）．"

领会"

美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现

　　　　a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响

　　　　b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证

　　（3）．"

应用"

清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释

　2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家

Ａ．华盛顿·

欧文

　1．一般识记：

欧文的生平及创作主涯

　2．识记：

《纽约外史》《见闻札记》

　3．领会：

欧文的创作领域、创作思想，及其作品的艺术风格

　4.应用：

选读《瑞普·

凡·

温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色

Ｂ．拉尔夫·

华尔多·

爱默生

．爱默生的生平及创作生涯

爱默生的超验主义思想

（1）爱默生的散文：

《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等

（2）．爱默生与梭罗：

梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》

　4．应用：

《论自然》节选：

爱默生的基本哲学思想及自然观

Ｃ．纳撒尼尔·

霍桑

霍桑的生平及创作主涯

霍桑的长短篇小说

（1）《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构

ofliterature,whichincludedalikingforthepicturesque,theexotic,thesensuous,thesensational,andthesupernatural.

（2）TheAmericansalsoplacedanincreasingemphasisonthefreeexpressionofemotionsanddisp1ayedanincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.Heroesandheroinesexhibitedextremesofsensitivityandexcitement.

　　（3）ThestrongtendencytoexalttheindividualandthecommonmanwasalmostanationalreligioninAmerica.WriterslikeFreneau,Bryant,andCoopershowedagreatinterestinexternalnatureintheirrespectiveworks.

　　（4）Theliteraryuseofthemorecolorfu1aspectsofthepastwasalsotobefoundinIrving'

sefforttoexploitthelegendsoftheHudsonRiverregion,andinCooper'

slongseriesofhistoricaltales.

　　（5）Inshort,AmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative.

　　2.TheuniquecharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticism

　　AlthoughgreatlyinfluencedbytheirEnglishcounterparts,theAmericanromanticwritersrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.Forexamp1e,

（1）theAmericannationalexperienceof"

pioneeringintothewest"

provedtobearichsourceofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.TheycelebratedAmerica'

slandscapewithitsvirginforests,meadows,groves,endlessprairies,streams,andvastoceans.Thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatsymbolizedmoral1aw.

（2）ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.SuchadesireisparticularlyevidentinCooper'

sLeatherStockingTales,inThoreau'

sWaldenand,later,inMarkTwain'

sAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.（3）WiththegrowthofAmericannationalconsciousness,Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.（4）ThentheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvaluesandAmericanRomanticism.OneofthemanifestationsisthefactthatAmericanromanticwriterstendedmoretomoralizethantheirEnglishandEuropeancounterparts.（5）Besides,apreoccupationwiththeCalvinisticviewoforigina1sinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleandahostoflesserwriters.

　（三）．应用内容

　　1.TheAmericanPuritanismanditsgreatinfluenceoverAmericanmoralvalues,asisshowninAmericanromanticwritings.

（1）AmericanPuritanism

PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.（ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch,whocameintoexistenceinthereignsQueenElizabethandKingJamesⅠ.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthemPuritans.TheycametoAmericaoutofvariousreasons,butitshouldberememberedthattheywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.TheyfeltthattheChurchofEnglandwastooclosetotheChurchofRomeindoctrineformofworship,andorganizationofauthority.）TheAmericanPuritans,liketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtocomplete"

purity"

.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.ButinthegrimstruggleforsurvivalthatfollowedimmediatelyaftertheirarrivalinAmerica,theybecamemoreandmorepractical,asindeedtheyhadtobe.Puritanswerenotedforaspiritofmoralandreligiousearnestnessthatdeterminatedtheirwholewayoflife.Puritans'

liveswereextremelydisciplinedandhard.Theydroveoutoftheirsettlementsallthoseopinionsthatseemeddangeroustothem,andhistoryhascriticizedtheiractions.Yetinthepersecutionofwhattheyconsiderederror,thePuritanswerenoworsethanmanyothermovementsinhistory.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmindandAmericanvalues.AmericanPuritanismalsohadaconspicuouslynoticeableandanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.Ithadbecome,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind,somuchapartofthenationalculturalatmosphere,ratherthanasetoftenets.

（2）OneofthemanifestationsisthefactthatAmericanromanticwriterstendedmoretomoralizethantheirEnglishandEuropeancounterparts.Besides,apreoccupationwiththeCalvinisticviewoforigina1sinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleandahostoflesserwriters.

　　2.NewEnglandTranscendentalism

　　NewEnglandTranscendentalismisthemotclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementinthisperiod.ItwasstartedintheareaaroundConcord,Mass.byagroupofintellectualandtheliterarymenoftheUnitedStatessuchasEmerson,HenryDavidThoreauwhoweremembersofaninformalclub,i.e.theTranscendentalClubinNewEnglandinthel830s.Thetranscendentalistsreactedagainstthecold,rigidrationalismofUnitarianisminBoston.Theyadheredtoanidealisticsystemofthoughtbasedonabeliefintheessentialunityofallcreation,theinnategoodnessofman,andthesupremacyofinsightoverlogicandexperiencefortherevelationofthedeepesttruths.ThewritingsofthetranscendentalistspreparedthegroundoftheircontemporariessuchasWaltWhitman,HermanMelville,andNathanielHawthorne.

Themainissuesinvolvedinthedebateweregenerallyphilosophical,concerningnature,manandtheuniverse.Basically,Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophical1yas"

therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses."

Emersononceproclaimedinaspeech,"

Nothingisatlastsacredbuttheintegrityofyourownmind."

OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalisminc1udetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,therefore,self-re1iant.

　　3.AmericanRomanticistsdifferedintheirunderstandingofhumannature.

TothetranscendentalistssuchasEmersonandThoreau,manisdivineinnatureandthereforeforeverperfectible;

buttoHawthorneandMelville,everybodyispotentiallyasinner,andgreatmoralcourageisthereforeindispensab1efortheimprovementofhumannature,asisshowninHawthorne'

sTheScarletLetter.

二.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家

　　　Ⅰ.WashingtonIrving（1783-l859）

　　Irving'

spositioninAmericanliteratureWashingtonIrvingwasoneofthefirstAmericanwriterstoearnaninternationalreputation,andregardedasanearlyRomanticwriterinthemericanliteraryhistoryandFatheroftheAmericanshortstories.

　　一．一般识记

　　Hislifeandmajorworks

　　WashingtonIrvingwasborninNewYorkCityinawealthyfamily.Fromaveryearlyagehebegantoreadwidelyandwritejuvenilepoems,essays,andplays.Inl798,heconc1udedhiseducationatprivateschoolsandenteredalawoffice,buthelovedwritingmore.

　　HisfirstsuccessfulworkisAHistoryOfNewYorkfromtheBeginningOftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynasty,which,writtenunderthenameofDiedrichKnickerbocker,wonhimwidepopularityafteritcameoutin1809.WiththepublicationofTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.inserialsbetween1819and1820,IrvingwonameasureofinternationalfameonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.ThebookcontainsfamiliaressaysontheEng1ishlifeandAmericanizedversionsofEuropeanfolktaleslike"

RipVanWinkle　＂,and"

TheLegendofSleepyHollow."

GeoffreyCrayonisacarefullycontrivedpersonaandbehindCrayonstandsIrving,juxtaposingtheOldWorldandtheNew,andmanipulatinghisownantiquarianinterestwithartisticperspectives.

　　ThemajorworkofhislateryearswasTheLifeofGeorgeWashington.

　　二．识记

　　1.Irving'

sgreatindebtednesstoEuropeanliterature

MostofIrving'

ssubjectmatterareborrowedheavilyfromEuropeansources,whicharechieflyGermanic.Irving'

srelationshipwiththeOldWorldintermsofhisliteraryimaginationcanhardlybeignoredconsideringhissuccessbothabroadandathome.

　　AHistoryofNewYorkisapatchworkofreferences,echoes,andburlesques.HeparodiesorimitatesHomer,Cervantes,Fielding,Swiftandmanyotherfavoritesofhis.HewasalsoabsorbedinGermanLiteratureandgotideasfromGermanlegendsfortwoofhisfamousstories"

RipVanWinkle"

and"

TheAlhambraisusuallyregardedasIrving'

s"

SpanishSketchBook"

simplybecauseithasastrongflavorofSpanishculture.Mostofthethirty-threeessaysinTheSketchBookwerewritteninEngland,filledwithEnglishscenesandquotationsfromEnglishauthorsandfaithfultoBritishorthography.WashingtonIrvingbroughttothenewnationwhatitspeop1edesiredmostinamanof1etterstherespectoftheOldWorl