DifferencebetweenModernismandPostmodernism现代主Word格式.docx

DifferencebetweenModernismandPostmodernism现代主Word格式.docx

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DifferencebetweenModernismandPostmodernism现代主现代主DifferencebetweenModernismandPostmodernismAccordingtosometheorists,the20thcenturycanbedividedintotwodistinctperiods;@#@onecharacterizedbythemodernismmovementandtheotherbypostmodernism.Somebelievethatpostmodernismwasaresponsetomodernismandhenceconsiderthemastwoaspectsofthesamemovement.Therearesomemajordifferencesbetweenmodernismandpostmodernism.Thesedistinctionsmakeclear,thebasicdifferenceinthewaysofthinkingthatledtothesemovements.Thedifferencebetweenmodernismandpostmodernismhighlightsthedifferenceintheapproachestowardslife.Modernismdescribesacollectionofculturalmovementsofthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcentury.Itconsistsofaseriesofreformingmovementsinart,architecture,literature,musicandappliedarts.Modernismwascharacterizedbyadramaticchangeofthought,wherebyhumanintellectsoughttoimprovetheirenvironment.Therewasatrendofimprovingeveryaspectoflifebyinvolvingscienceandtechnologyintoit.Modernismbroughtaboutareforminallspheresoflifeincludingphilosophy,commerce,artandliterature,withtheaidoftechnologyandexperimentation.Itledtoprogressinalltheaspectsoflifebychangingtheapproachofmankindoflookingatthem.Postmodernismmeans,afterthemodern.ItwasareactiontomodernismandwasinfluencedbythedisenchantmentbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar.Postmodernismreferstothestatethatlacksacentralhierarchyandonethatiscomplex,ambiguousanddiverse.Thedevelopmentsinsociety,theeconomyandthecultureofthe1960swereimpactedbypostmodernism.ModernismVs.PostmodernismModernismbeganinthe1890sandlastedtillabout1945.PostmodernismbeganaftertheSecondWorldWar,especiallyafter1968.Modernismwasbasedonusingrational,logicalmeanstogainknowledgewhilepostmodernismdeniedtheapplicationoflogicalthinking.Rather,thethinkingduringthepostmodernerawasbasedonunscientific,irrationalthoughtprocess,asareactiontomodernism.Ahierarchicalandorganizedanddeterminatenatureofknowledgecharacterizedmodernism.Butpostmodernismwasbasedonananarchical,non-totalizedandindeterminatestateofknowledge.Modernistapproachwasobjective,theoreticalandanalyticalwhilethepostmodernismapproachwasbasedonsubjectivity.Itlackedtheanalyticalnatureandthoughtswererhetoricalandcompletelybasedonbelief.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenmodernismandpostmodernismisthatmodernistthinkingisaboutthesearchofanabstracttruthoflifewhilepostmodernistthinkersbelievethatthereisnouniversaltruth,abstractorotherwise.Modernismattemptstoconstructacoherentworld-viewwhereaspostmodernismattemptstoremovethedifferencebetweenhighandlow.ModernistthinkingassertsthatmankindprogressesbyusingscienceandreasonwhilepostmodernistthinkingbelievesthatprogressistheonlywaytojustifytheEuropeandominationonculture.Modernistthinkingbelievesinlearningfrompastexperiencesandtruststhetextsthatnarratethepast.Ontheotherhandpostmodernistthinkingdefiesanytruthinthetextnarratingthepastandrendersitofnouseinthepresenttimes.Modernisthistorianshaveafaithindepth.Theybelieveingoingdeepintoasubjecttofullyanalyzeit.Thisisnotthecasewithpostmodernistthinkers.Theybelieveingoingbythesuperficialappearances,theybelieveinplayingonsurfacesandshownoconcerntowardsthedepthofsubjects.Modernismconsiderstheoriginalworksasauthenticwhilepostmodernistthinkersbasetheirviewsonhyper-reality;@#@theygethighlyinfluencedbythingspropagatedthroughmedia.Duringthemodernistera,artandliteraryworkswereconsideredasuniquecreationsoftheartists.Peoplewereseriousaboutthepurposeofproducingartandliteraryworks.Theseworkswerebelievedtobearadeepmeaning,novelsandbookspredominatedsociety.Duringthepostmodernistera,withtheonsetofcomputers,mediaandadvancementsintechnology,televisionandcomputersbecamedominantinsociety.Artandliteraryworksbegantobecopiedandpreservedbythemeansofdigitalmedia.Peoplenolongerbelievedinartandliteraryworksbearingoneuniquemeaning;@#@theyratherbelievedinderivingtheirownmeaningsfrompiecesofartandliterature.InteractivemediaandInternetledtodistributionofknowledge.MusiclikeMozart,Beethoven,whichwasappreciatedduringmodernismbecamelesspopularinthepostmodernera.Worldmusic,Djsandremixescharacterizedpostmodernism.Thearchitecturalformsthatwerepopularduringmodernismwerereplacedbyamixofdifferentarchitecturalstylesinthepostmoderntimes.Post-modernliteratureMainarticle:

@#@PostmodernliteratureThetermPostmodernliteratureisusedtodescribecertaintendenciesinpost-WorldWarIIliterature.Itisbothacontinuationoftheexperimentationchampionedbywritersofthemodernistperiod（relyingheavily,forexample,onfragmentation,paradox,questionablenarrators,etc.）andareactionagainstEnlightenmentideasimplicitinModernistliterature.Postmodernliterature,likepostmodernismasawhole,isdifficulttodefineandthereislittleagreementontheexactcharacteristics,scope,andimportanceofpostmodernliterature.HenryMiller,WilliamS.Burroughs,JosephHeller,KurtVonnegut,HunterS.Thompson,TrumanCapote,ThomasPynchon.PostmodernismPostmodernismisarangeofconceptualframeworksandideologiesthataredefinedinoppositiontothosecommonlyassociatedwithideologiesofmodernityandmodernistnotionsofknowledgeandscience,suchasformalism,materialism,metaphysics,positivism,realism,reductionism,andstructuralism.Postmodernismisnotaphilosophicalmovement,butratheranumberofphilosophicalandcriticalmethods.Inotherwords,postmodernismisnotamethodofdoingphilosophy,butratherawayofapproachingtraditionalideasandpracticesinnon-traditionalwaysthatdeviatefrompre-establishedsuperstructuralmodes.Thishascauseddifficultiesindefiningwhatpostmodernismmeansanditthereforeremainsacontroversialconcept.Postmodernismpostulatesthatmany,ifnotall,apparentrealitiesareonlysocialconstructsandarethereforesubjecttochange.Itclaimsthatthereisnoabsolutetruthandthatthewaypeopleperceivetheworldissubjectiveandemphasisestheroleoflanguage,powerrelations,andmotivationsintheformationofideasandbeliefs.Inparticularitattackstheuseofsharpbinaryclassificationssuchasmaleversusfemale,straightversusgay,whiteversusblack,andimperialversuscolonial;@#@itholdsrealitiestobepluralandrelative,andtobedependentonwhotheinterestedpartiesareandthenatureoftheseinterests.Postmodernistapproachesthereforeoftenconsiderthewaysinwhichsocialdynamics,suchaspowerandhierarchy,affecthumanconceptualizationsoftheworldtohaveimportanteffectsonthewayknowledgeisconstructedandused.Incontrasttomodernism,postmodernistthoughtoftenemphasizesconstructivism,idealism,pluralism,relativism,andscepticisminitsapproachestoknowledgeandunderstanding.Postmodernismisgenerallyconsideredtohavebeenconceivedduringthelatenineteenthcentury.Postmodernismgainedsignificantpopularityinthe1950sanddominatedliteratureandartbythe1960s.1Postmodernismhasinfluencedmanydisciplines,includingreligion,literarycriticism,sociology,linguistics,architecture,history,anthropology,visualarts,andmusic.Contentshide1Definitionalissues2Theoriesandderivativeso2.1Deconstructiono2.2Structuralismandpost-structuralismo2.3ElementsofPost-ModernSocietyo2.4Post-postmodernism3History4Influenceonarto4.1Architectureo4.2UrbanPlanningo4.3References（UrbanPlanningsection）o4.4Literatureo4.5Music5Influentialpostmodernistphilosophers6Criticisms7Seealso8References9Furtherreading10ExternallinkseditDefinitionalissuesThetermPostmodernismisoftenusedtorefertodifferent,sometimescontradictoryconcepts.Conventionaldefinitionsinclude:

@#@CompactOxfordEnglishDictionary:

@#@astyleandconceptintheartscharacterizedbydistrustoftheoriesandideologiesandbythedrawingofattentiontoconventions.2Merriam-Webster:

@#@Eitherof,relatingto,orbeinganeraafteramodernone,orof,relatingto,orbeinganyofvariousmovementsinreactiontomodernismthataretypicallycharacterizedbyareturntotraditionalmaterialsandforms（asinarchitecture）orbyironicself-referenceandabsurdity（asinliterature）,or,finallyof,relatingto,orbeingatheorythatinvolvesaradicalreappraisalofmodernassumptionsaboutculture,identity,history,orlanguage.3AmericanHeritageDictionary:

@#@Oforrelatingtoart,architecture,orliteraturethatreactsagainstearliermodernistprinciples,asbyreintroducingtraditionalorclassicalelementsofstyleorbycarryingmoderniststylesorpracticestoextremes:

@#@Itaroadhouseissoarchitecturallyinteresting.withitspostmodernwoodenboothsandsculpturalclock.4WhilethetermPostmodernanditsderivativesarefreelyused,withsomeusesapparentlycontradictingothers,thoseoutsidetheacademicmilieuhavedescribeditasmerelyabuzzwordthatmeansnothing.DickHebdige,inhistextHidingintheLight,writes:

@#@Whenitbecomespossibleforapeopletodescribeaspostmodernthedcorofaroom,thedesignofabuilding,thediegesisofafilm,theconstructionofarecord,orascratchvideo,atelevisioncommercial,oranartsdocumentary,ortheintertextualrelationsbetweenthem,thelayoutofapageinafashionmagazineorcriticaljournal,ananti-teleologicaltendencywithinepistemology,theattackonthemetaphysicsofpresence,ageneralattenuationoffeeling,thecollectivechagrinandmorbidprojectionsofapost-Wargenerationofbabyboomersconfrontingdisillusionedmi