微生物学重要名词解释英英.docx

微生物学重要名词解释英英.docx

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微生物学重要名词解释英英

微生物学重要名词解释（英英）

U11

Adaptiveimmunity referstoantigen-specificimmune response.The adaptiveimmuneresponseismorecomplexthantheinnate.Theantigenfirstmustbeprocessedandrecognized.Onceanantigenhasbeenrecognized,theadaptiveimmune systemcreatesanarmyofimmune cellsspecificallydesignedtoattackthatantigen.

Immunoglobulins（抗体）,alsoknownasantibodies,areglycoproteinmoleculesproducedbyplasmacells（whitebloodcells）.Theyactasacriticalpartoftheimmuneresponsebyspecificallyrecognizingandbindingtoparticularantigens,suchasbacteriaorvirusesandaidingintheirdestruction.

Antigen,anysubstancethatcausesyourimmunesystemtoproduceantibodiesagainstit.An antigen maybeaforeignsubstancefromtheenvironment,suchaschemicals,bacteria,viruses,orpollen.An antigen mayalsobeformedinsidethebody,aswithbacterialtoxinsortissuecells.

An epitope（表位）,alsoknownasantigenicdeterminant（抗原决定簇）,isthepartofanantigenthatisrecognizedbytheimmunesystem,specificallybyantibodies,Bcells,orTcells.Forexample,the epitope isthespecificpieceoftheantigenthatanantibodybindsto.

Haptens（半抗原） aresmallmoleculesthatelicit（引出）animmuneresponseonlywhenattachedtoalargecarriersuchasaprotein;thecarriermaybeonethatalsodoesnotelicitanimmuneresponsebyitself.

Immunecomplex,sometimescalledanantigen-antibody complex,isamoleculeformedfromtheintegralbindingofanantibodytoasolubleantigen.Theboundantigenandantibodyactasaunitaryobject,effectivelyanantigenofitsownwithaspecificepitope.

Innatehostresistance（先天性宿主抵抗力）,comparetoadaptiveimmunity

EndotoxinAtoxinproducedbycertainbacteriaandreleasedupondestructionofthebacterialcell. 

Exotoxinatoxinreleasedbyalivingbacterialcellintoitssurroundings.

Pathogenicity referstotheabilityofanorganismtocausedisease（ie,harmthehost）.Thisabilityrepresentsageneticcomponentofthepathogenandtheovertdamagedonetothehostisapropertyofthehost-pathogeninteractions.Commensals（共栖）andopportunisticpathogenslackthisinherentabilitytocausedisease.

Toxoid（类毒素）bacterialtoxin（usuallyanexotoxin）whosetoxicityhasbeeninactivatedorsuppressedeitherbychemical（formalin）orheattreatment,whileotherproperties,typicallyimmunogenicity,aremaintained.

U10

Amensalism（偏害共栖）,associationbetweenorganismsoftwodifferentspeciesinwhichoneisinhibited（抑制）ordestroyedandtheotherisunaffected.

Commensalism（偏利共栖）,inecology,isaclassofrelationshipsbetweentwoorganismswhereoneorganismbenefitsfromtheotherwithoutaffectingit.

Compromisedhost,apatientwithacquiredorcongenital（先天的）immunologicdeficiencyatincreasedriskforinfectiousdiseasecomplications.

Cooperation,theactionorprocessofworkingtogethertothesameend.

Mutualism（互利共栖）,thewaytwoorganismsofdifferentspeciesexistinarelationshipinwhicheachindividualbenefitsfromtheactivityoftheother.Similarinteractionswithinaspeciesareknownasco-operation.

Normalmicrobiota（正常微生物群）,microorganismsthatresideonthesurfaceanddeeplayersofskin,inthesalivaandoralmucosa（口腔黏液膜）,intheconjunctiva（结膜）,andinthegastrointestinal（胃肠的）tractsofeveryhumanbeing.

Opportunisticpathogen/microorganism（条件致病微生物）organismthatiscapableofcausingdiseaseonlywhenthehost'sresistanceislowered,forexample,byotherdiseasesordrugs.

Parasitismaformoflivinginwhichtwoorganismsthatarephylogenicallydifferent（unrelated）co-existoveralongperiodoftime（usuallyforthelifetimeofoneoftheindividuals）.

Predationisabiologicalinteractionwhereapredator（anorganismthatishunting）feedsonitsprey（theorganismthatisattacked）.

Symbiosis （fromGreekσύν"together"andβίωσις"living"）iscloseandoftenlong-terminteractionbetweentwodifferentbiologicalspecies.

U9

 Domain （alsosuperregnum,superkingdom,empire,orregio）isthehighesttaxonomicrankoforganismsinthethree-domain systemoftaxonomydesignedbyCarlWoese,anAmericanmicrobiologistandbiophysicist.

Genusataxonomicrankusedinthebiologicalclassificationoflivingandfossilorganismsinbiology.Inthehierarchyofbiologicalclassification,genuscomesabovespeciesandbelowfamily.Inbinomialnomenclature（命名）,thegenusnameformsthefirstpartofthebinomialspeciesnameforeachspecieswithinthegenus.

GC-content （orguanine-cytosinecontent）thepercentageofnitrogenousbasesonaDNAmoleculethatareeitherguanineorcytosine（fromapossibilityoffourdifferentones,alsoincludingadenineandthymine）.

Polyphasicclassification（多相分类）aconsensusapproachtobacterialsystematicsviamorethanonephase.

A species isoftendefinedasthelargestgroupoforganismswheretwoindividualsarecapableof