chapter3 exercises词汇学练习.docx

chapter3 exercises词汇学练习.docx

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chapter3exercises词汇学练习

Chapter3

WordMeaningandSemantic

Relations

1.Whatissemantics?

2.Whatistobeunderstoodbymeaning?

3.Fillintheblankswithpropertermsinthefollowingsentences.

1）AccordingtoSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure,thelinguisticsignconsistsofa______anda______.Thisiscalledthe______theoryofdeSaussure.

2）AccordingtoOgdenandRichardsthesymbolisthelinguistic______,andthereferentisthe______,whilethoughtorreferenceis____.Thisiscalledthe____triangle.

3）AccordingtoLeonardBloomfield'spointofview,awordisaminimum_____form.

4）Therearetwotypesoflinguisticforms:

oneisthe______form,theotheristhe_____form.

5）Awordisaunityofsoundand_____.

6）Therelationbetweenthemeaningofawordanditssoundis____orconventional.

7）_____istherelationshipbetweenthestructureofawordanditsmeaning.

8）Nouns,adjectives,verbs,numerals,adverbsare____wordsornotionalwords,becausetheyare'_____',meaningfulinthemselves,eveniftheyappearinisolation.

9）Articles,prepositions,conjunctions,pronouns,pronominaladverbsandthelikeare_____orfunctionalwords.Theyare‘_____’,meaningfulonlywhenusedinconjunctionwithotherwords.

10）_____meaningisthesamemeaningforallspeakersofagivenlanguage.Inotherwords,itistheextensionalmeaningofaword.

11）_____meaningistheintensionalmeaningwhichawordsuggestsorimplies.

12）ThewordbreadandlollymeaningmoneyusedintheUSAandUKrespectivelybelongto_____words.

13）_____wordsorlearnedwordsareusuallyusedinbooks,newspapers,documentsandseriousspeeches.

14）WordslikeTESLandTOEFLare_____usedinthefieldofEnglishteaching.Itisakindoflanguagethatishardtounderstandbecauseitisfullofspecialwordsknownonlytothepeopleofacertaingroup.

4.Findsynonymsforthefollowingwords.

1）change________________2）fond________________

3）relation_______________4）similarity_______________

5）completeadj._____________6）begin_______________

7）unite_______________8）produce_______________

9）energy_______________10）expansion_______________

11）high_______________12）central_______________

13）arrive_______________14）interpreter_______________

15）inform_______________16）false_______________

17）indicate_______________18）language_______________

19）concise_______________20）sufficient_______________

21）disease_______________22）world_______________

23）moist_______________24）die_______________

25）touchv._______________26）silent_______________

27）loud_______________28）blackv._______________

29）neglectv._______________30）judge_______________

31）misinterpret_______________32）publish_______________

33）untrue_______________34）reject_______________

35）habitual_______________36）choose_______________

37）planv._______________38）dangerous_______________

39）hasty_______________40）difficult_______________

41）purchase_______________42）simple_______________

43）celebrate_______________44）friendly_______________

45）hate_______________46）disrespectful_______________

5.Findantonymsforthefollowingwords.

1）ugly_______________2）less_______________

3）swim_______________4）empty_______________

5）young_______________6）long_______________

7）difficulty_______________8）prosperity_______________

9）smallness_______________10）increase_______________

11）inferiority_______________12）front_______________

13）symmetry_______________14）arrival_______________

15）pleasure_______________16）silent_______________

17）disappearance_______________18）certain_______________

19）belief_______________20）knowledge_______________

21）good_______________22）perfect_______________

23）danger_______________24）unskillful_______________

25）attack_______________26）failure______________

27）possession_______________28）wealth_______________

29）friend_______________30）reward_______________

31）sale_______________32）change_______________

33）agreement_______________34）addition_______________

35）disorder_______________36）opulent_______________

37）divided_______________38）prohibition_______________

39）sufficient_______________40）inutility_______________

6.Whydowesaythatpolysemyisauniversalfeatureofalllanguages,includingtheEnglishlanguage?

Givesomeexamplesyouhavelearned.

7.Therearetwomainprocessesinthechangeofmeaning.Whatarethey?

Giveexamplesforeachprocess.

8.Whatisthedifferencebetweenhomonymyandhomonyms?

9.Therearetwomainkindsofhomonyms:

perfecthomonymsandpartialhomonyms.Explainthemandgiveexamples.

10.DescribethreecausesfortheformationofhomonymsinEnglish.

11.Whatishyponymy?

12.Whatistherelationbetweentoolandhammer,axe,sawscrew,screwdriver,etc.?

13.TranslatethefollowingtermsintoChinese.

1）homograph2）homophone

3）homoform4）hyponymy

5）thesuperordinate6）hyponym

7）synonymy8）antonymy

9）polysemy10）contraries

11）complementaries12）conversives

14.TranslatethefollowingtermsintoEnglish.

1）相对同义词2）绝对同义词

3）两词一组同义词4）三词一组同义词

5）词根反义词6）派生反义词

7）相对性反义词8）换位性反义词

9）互补性反义词10）下义词

11）上下义关系12）理据

13）外延意义14）内涵意义

15）俚语16）行话

17）黑话18）话言语境

19）非语言语境20）语词所指的事物

21）语词所指的涵义22）同音异形异义词

23）同形异音异义词24）同语法形式异义词

25）同音异义词，同形异义词，同音同形异义词

答案

Chapter3

WordMeaningandSemantic

Relations

l.Semanticsisamajorbranchoflinguisticsdevotedtothestudy

ofmeaning.

2.Meaningcanbedefinedasareciprocalrelationbetweennameandsense.

3.1）signifier,signified,sign

2）element,object,concept,semiotic

3）free

4）bound,free

5）meaning

6）arbitrary

7）Motivation

8）full,autosemantic

9）form-words,synsemantic

10）Denotative

11）Connotative

12）slang

13）Formal

14）jargon

4.1）changealter,vary

2）fondaffectionate

3）relationConnection

4）similarityresemblance,likeness

5）completeadj.entire,whole

6）beginstart,commence

7）unitejoin,combine

8）producecreate.perform

9）energyforce,power

10）expansionincrease,enlargement

11）hightall

12）centralmiddle

13）arrivegetto,cometo

14）interpretertranslator

15）informtell

16）falseuntrue,wrong

17）indicatedenote

18）languagespeech

19）concisebrief

20）sufficientenough,adequate

21）diseaseillness,sickness

22）worlduniverse,globe

23）moistdamp,humid

24）diedecease,passaway

25）touchv.feel

26）silentquiet,noiseless

27）loudnoisy

28）blackv.blacken,darken

29）neglectv.disregard,ignore

30）judgeestimate,consider

31）misinterpretmisapprehend,misunderstand

32）publishissue,print

33）untruefalse

34）rejectrefuse

35）habitualcustomary

36）chooseselect

37）planv.arrange

38）dangeroushazardous

39）hastyspeedy,quick,hurried

40）difficulthard

41）purchasebuy

42）simpleplain

43）celebratecommemorate

44）friendlykind,kindly

45）hatedislike

46）disrespectfuldiscourteous,impolite

5.1）uglyhandsome,beautiful

2）lessmore

3）swimsink

4）emptyfull

5）youngold

6）longshort

7）difficultyfacility

8）prosperityadversity

9）smallnessgreatness

10）increasedecrease

11）inferioritysuperiority

12）frontrear,back

13）symmetryasymmetry

14）arrivaldeparture

15）pleasurepain

16）silentloud

17）disappearanceappearance

18）certainuncertain

19）beliefunbelief

20）knowledgeignorance

21）goodevil

22）perfectsafety

24）unskillfulskillful

25）attackdefend

26）failuresuccess

27）possessionloss

28）wealthpoverty

29）friendenemy

30）rewardpenalty

31）salepurchase

32）changepermanence

33）agreementdisagreement

34）additiondeduction

35）disorderorder

36）opulentdestitute

37）dividedunited

38）prohibitionpermission

39）sufficiencyinsufficiency

40）inutilityutility

6.Polysemyisalinguisticlawinalllanguages,includingtheEnglishlanguage.Takeonewordforexample,thewordtakehasalotofmeanings.Thefirstmeaningis'carrysb./sth.oraccompanysb.fromoneplacetoanother.'e.g.Don'tforgettotakeyourumbrella（withyou）whenyougo.Thesecondmeaningis'getorlayholdof（sb./sth.）withthehands,arms,etc.orwithaninstrument.'e.g.Hetookabook（down）fromthetopshelf.Thethirdmeaningis'remove（sth.）fromitsproperplacewithoutpermissionorbymistake.’e.g.Someonehastakenmygloves.Thefourthmeaningis‘gainpossessionof（sth.）,captureorwin（sth.）.’e.g.Thearmytookmanyprisoners.Thefifthmeaningis'acceptorreceive（sth）.’e.g.Ifyoutakemyadvice,you'llhavenothingmoretodowithhim.Thesixthmeaningis‘holdorcontain（sth./sb.）.’eg.Thisbustakes60Passengers.Theseventhmeaningis'beabletoendure（sth）;bear.'e.g.Shecan'ttakecriticism.Theeighthmeaningis'understand（sth.）.'e.g.HowamIsupposedtotakethatremark.Theentrytakehas39meaningsinOrfordAdvancedLearnersEnglish-ChineseDictionary（Extendedfourthedition）,Publishedin2002.Weonlytakeeightmeaningsforillustration.

7.Therearetwomainprocessesinthechangeofmeaning.They

are:

1）Radiationisatermusedtorefertoaprocessofsense-shiftin

whichtheoriginalmeaningofawordistobeconsideredasthecentralmeaningandtheothermeaningsarederivedfromit.Thewordhand,forinstance,maysignify:

（l）endpartofthehumanarmbelowthewrist:

e.g.Ihavemyhandsinmypocket.

（2）ahand:

activehelp:

e.g.Doyouwantahand?

（3）pointeronaclock:

e.g.thehourhandofawatch.

（4）manualworkeron