居民消费方式对二氧化碳的要求外文翻译Word文件下载.docx
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CO2emissions,consumptionpattern,householdcharacteristics
1.Introduction
Inthisstudy,wewillevaluatetheimportanceofhouseholdconsumptionpatternonCO2requirements.Weconsidervarioushouseholdtypes,characterizedbyanumberofsocio-demographicvariables,andexaminetheirconsumptionpatternsandassociatedCO2emissions.WetakeintoaccountdirectCO2requirements(emissionsfromfuelsconsumeddirectlyinhouseholds)andindirectCO2requirements(emissionsincurredduringtheproductionofconsumergoods).Theaimofourworkistoidentifythemostimportantfactorsin¯
uencinghouseholdCO2emissions,andtocompareourresultswiththosefoundforothercountries.
Ourstudyisinspiredbytwodivergingmethodologicaltraditions.Duringthe
pastdecade,therehasbeenanincreasingfocusontheimportanceoflifestyleforthesustainabledevelopmentofhouseholdconsumption.Themainpartofthesestudiesconcentratesonsocio-culturalfactorsfromasociologicalperspective,andstressestheimportanceofissuessuchasattitudes,values,theindividual’sneedforexpressingidentitythroughconsumptionofgoods(e.g.Giddens,1990;
Maþ
esoli,1991;
Beck,1992).Thereisalongtraditionofclassifyingconsumersegmentsaccordingtotheirvalues,lifestyleandtheirtypicalsocio-demographiccharacteristics(Gunter&
Furnham,1992).Hence,socio-demographicvariablesmaybethekeytoclassifyingvarioushouseholdtypes,diþ
eringintheirconsumptionpatternandthusintheirdirectandindirectCO2emissions.
Simultaneously,anumberofstudiesemergedthatfocusonthedemandforenergyfromaneconomicpointofview.Thesestudiesapplyquantitativemodelsinordertoexplainchangesinconsumptionpatternswithchangesinincomeandrelativeprices,oftensupplementedbytechnicalinformationonelectricalhouseholdequipment,improvementsinthermalperformanceofhousing,orenergyproductiontechnology(seeMadlener,1996,orthereviewinMoroney,1997).
Theeconomicandthesociologicalapproachsupplementeachother,buthave
sofarbene®
tedlittlefromeachother.Recently,however,severalstudieshaveattemptedtolinkhouseholdconsumptionchoicesbyusinginput-outputmodellingandenergyand/oremissionowanalysisinoneintegratedmodellingframework,seeWier(1998),MukhopadhyayandChakraborty(1999),Wiltingetal.(1999),Jacobsen(2000),Munksgaardetal.(2000a,2000b),andLenzen(2001).Somestudiesgoevenfurtherandincludeinformationonhouseholdcharacteristics.Forexample,thelevelofeducation,thenumberofchildren,urbanityandsocioeconomicstatushavebeenincludedintheanalysisandutilizedasexplanatory
variablesinquantitativemodelling(forthemostrecentstudies,seeWeber&
Fahl,
1993;
Vringer&
Blok,1995;
Duchin,1998;
Lenzen,1998;
Biesiot&
Noorman,
1999;
Weber&
Perrels,2000).Thesestudiesdonotonlyconsiderresidentialenergy
consumptionandderivedemissions,butalsoenergyandemissionsembodiedincommoditiesotherthanenergy.
Inthepresentstudy,wecombineseveraldatasourcesandapplytheminanintegratedmodellingframeworkfollowingthetraditionofthestudiesdescribedabove.ThistypeofanalysishasnotbeencarriedoutforDanishdatabefore,andthestudybenefittsfromrecentanddetaileddataonproductionsectors,commodities,energytypesandhouseholdcharacteristics.WeconsideronlyCO2emissionsfromenergy,sincetheseconstitutethemajority(76%)oftotalDanishgreenhousegasemissions(NationalEnvironmentalResearchInstitute,2000).However,theanalysismayeasilybeextendedtoothertypesofgasesandemissionsources.
2.Methods
ThemodelrelevantforouranalysisisanextensionofthemodelusedbyMunksgaardetal.(2000a,2000b).Incontrasttothatstudy,however,wedonotfocusonCO2emissionsassociatedwiththeDanishprivateconsumptionatanationallevel,butonCO2emissionsatasingle-householdlevel,thatis,themodelisappliedtovarioushouseholdtypes,makingitpossibletoexploretheimportanceofvarioushouseholdcharacteristicsonCO2emissions.
AsinMunksgaardetal.(2000a,2000b),wedistinguishbetweendirectandindirectemissions.Directemissionsareassociatedwiththeconsumptionofenergycommodities,i.e.electricity,gas,oil,gasolineandotherheating.Indirectemissionsareassociatedwiththeproductionofallothercommodities(suchasfurniture,clothes,foods,services),i.e.emissionsthatoccurintheindustryproducingtheseCommodities.
2.1.DirectCO2Emissions
2.2.IndirectCO2Emissions
2.3.ConsumerUnits
2.4.IncomeandExpenditureCorrelationAnalysis
2.5.AnalysisofHouseholdSize
3.Data
Alldatausedinthisstudyarecompatible,astheyapplyanidenticalclassicationofgoodsandactivities,makingitpossibletoutilizethedatainanintegratedmodel.Thedatausedforthepresentanalysisarethefollowing.
·
Danishinput-outputtablesfortheyear1995fromStatisticsDenmark(tablesdocumentedinStatisticsDenmark,1986).Thesetablescomprise130productionsectorsandninecategoriesofdemand.Oneofthelatterisprivateconsumption,whichisdividedinto72components,offveofwhicharedirectenergyconsumptionbyhouseholds.
Energyowmatricesfortheyear1995fromStatisticsDenmarkcontainingenergyconsumptionforthe130productionsectorsaswellas.
CO2emissionfactorsforthe37primaryfuelsarepartoftheEuropeanCORINAIRdatabase(Fenhannetal.,1997).ThefactorsarecalculatedonThebasisofthecarboncontentofthefuels.Emissionfactorsfortheenergytypes(electricity,districtheatingandgas)havepreviouslybeencalculatedfromtheprimaryemissionfactorsandtheenergyinputstotheenergyproductionsector(Munksgaardetal.,1998).Finally,CO2emissionfactorsforrenewableenergytypesareconsideredtobezero,asitisassumedthatCO2emissionsfrom,forexample,strawandwoodareabsorbedinnewbio-massproduction.
TheconsumersurveyfromStatisticsDenmark(StatisticsDenmark,1999).
Thesurveycomprisestheconsumptionof1334commoditiesof3438representativelyselectedhouseholds.These1334commoditiesareaggregatedtothe72commoditiesoftheinput-outputtables.Thelatestsurveyisbasedondatafrom1995-97.Thehouseholds’characteristicsthatareregisteredarevariouseconomic,nancialanddemographiccharacteristics,e.g.numberandageofchildren,numberofadults,ageofmainincomeprovider,typeofaccommodation,urbanity,socio-economicstatusandeducationofmainincomeprovider,andtypeandlevelofdisposablehouseholdincomeandexpenditure.390familytypescanbedistinguished.Dataarecollectedthroughregistrationofhouseholdpurchasesonadailybasis,supplementedbypersonalinterviewsandinformationfromtheregistrars.Therespondentrateis68.5%.
Asastepinthecalculationprocedure,thedataareadjustedfortheproportionofnon-respondents,inordertogiveeachhouseholdtypetheappropriateweight.
4.Results
CommodityCO2Intensity,TheImportanceofHouseholdCharacteristics,CO2RequirementforSelectedHouseholdCharacteristics。
DirectCO2requirement.Furthermore,showsthaturbanfamilieslivingin¯
atshavethelowestdirectCO2emissions.Inparticular,lowincomeurbanfamilieshavedirectCO2emissionsthatareapproximately3tCO2/consumerunit/year(morethan50%)belowtheaverageofallDanishfamilies.Incontrast,ruralfamilies,especiallyhighincomefamilies,havethehighestdirectCO2emissionsuptomorethan10tCO2/consumerunit/year(or78%)abovetheaverageofallDanishfamilies.Familieslivinginsingle-familyhousesinurbanareashaveloweremissionsthansimilarfamiliesinruralareas.Theageofthemainincomecontributorseemstohaveminorimportancecomparedwiththetypeofaccommodationandthedisposablehouseholdincome.
IndirectCO2requirement.IndirectCO2emissionsincreasewithdisposablehouseholdincome.Theytypeofaccommodation,ageandurbanityseemtobeof
verylittleimportance.Highincomefamiliesshow,inmostcases,indirectCO2
emissionsofmorethan7tCO2/consumerunit/year(ormorethan40%)abovetheaverageofallfamilies.
HouseholdCO2intensity.TheCO2intensitytellsushowmuchCO2is
emittedperunitofhouseholdconsumptionforeachfamilytype.Table3showsthatthedirectCO2intensitylargelyfollowsthepatternofdirectCO2emissions,i.e.urbanfamilieslivingin¯
atshavethelowestdirectCO2intensitywithineachincomebracket.However,theCO2intensitydecreaseswithincome,whichisduetothesaturationintheenergyconsumptionwithincreasingincome.Incontrast,theindirectCO2intensityvarieslittlewithfamilytype,andisnotdecreasingwithdisposablehouseholdincome.Thus,in