语用学术语及对照表Word格式文档下载.docx

语用学术语及对照表Word格式文档下载.docx

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"

Colour"

canbeusedinexpressionswithabstractreferenceasinthephrase:

showingone'

struecolours.

accomplishmentverb--非瞬间完成性动词averbthatexpressesachangeinstatusoveraperiodtime:

Thewords"

learn"

and"

teach"

arebothaccomplishmentverbs.

achievementverb--瞬间完成性动词averbthatexpressesachangeinstatuswithoutduration:

Verbslike"

win"

kick"

arrive"

and"

open"

areachievementverbs.

activityverb--前指aprocesswhereawordcansubstituteforaprecedingwordorgroupofwords,usedasasecondaryreference:

Inthesentence"

TomlikesicecreambutBillcan'

teatit,"

theword"

it"

isasubstituteforicecream,whichisanexampleofanaphora.

actor

affected

affixalnegation--词缀否定negationofawordbyanegativeaffixsuchastheprefixun-,in-,non-,-less,etc.inEnglish:

Affixalnegationisbasedontheaffixationofthenegativeprefixesandsuffixes.

agent

ambiguity

anaphora

antonymousgroup--反义词群agroupofantonymouswordswhereanyonememberofthegroupisinoppositiontoallothermembers:

Sincenounstendtodescribecomplexesofqualities,theytendtoformintolargerantonymousgroups.

antonyms

argument

aspect

assertives--描述性，说明性的（语言功能）actsofasserting,stating,denying,confessing,predicting,etc.:

HewasafishermaninsouthernChina,earning150yuanamonth"

isanexampleofassertives.

associate

atelic

attributive

background--informationthatisessentialtounderstandingasituationorproblem:

theembassyfilledhiminonthebackgroundoftheincident"

backgroundknowledge--背景知识informationthatisessentialtounderstandingasituationorproblem:

co-hyponyms

cognitivesemantics--认知语义学Anapproachtothestudyofmeaningbasedonourexperienceoftheworld:

Whatisnewincognitivesemanticsisthewayinwhichithasbeenabletobemoreconcreteandspecificaboutthewayinwhichstructuresofourperceptualinteractionsworktheirwayupintoourunderstandingofmoreabstractconceptualdomains

collocation--搭配thewayinwhichsomewordsarealwaysusedtogether,oraparticularcombinationofwordsusedinthisway（'

commitacrime'

）:

Collocationreferstotherestrictiononhowwordscanbeusedtogether,forexamplewhichprepositionsareusedwithparticularverbs,orwhichverbsandnounsareusedtogether.

collocation--可搭配性thepossibilitiesofco-occurrenceofwords:

Animportantfactaboutlanguageisthatalllexicalitemsaremoreorlessrestrictedintheirdistribution,i.e.collocation.

commissives--承担性的（言语功能）commitmentsmadeforthespeakertoengageinsomefuturecourseofactions:

I'

llletyouhavemyreplyby5pmFriday"

isanexampleofcommissives.

commonground--共识knowledgewesharewithourinterlocutors:

Thisjointactivityrequiresustoshareacommonground,thetypeofknowledgeweassumewesharewithourinterlocutors

Communicativeevent--

Notionthatcommunicationisnotsimplyanarrangementofwordsandrepresentationofanidea,butaninteractionamongparticipants.DellHymes,animportantsociolinguist,proposesaSPEAKINGmodeltoanalyzeimportantaspectsofspeechasaninteractiveevent.KennethBurkeproposesahisDramatisticPentad（Thomas&

Tchudi108-10）toinvolving"

aninterplayofspeaker,setting,audience,andpurpose"

asinaplay（108）.

Competence--

Speaker'

sknowledgeoflanguagerulesandstructuresthatallowhertointerpretandgenerateutterances.WehavecompetenceinModernEnglish.Ourknowledgeisdifferentfromthecompetenceofthatofaspeakerofanotherlanguage;

wehavedifferentrules.

complementaries

conceptualmetaphor--概念隐喻Metaphoricalconcept,referringtoabstractnotions:

AconceptualmetaphorofupwardorientationinEnglishsaysthatBEINGHAPPYISBEINGOFFTHEGROUND,asshownbythefollowingexamples:

highflyers;

soaringwithjoy;

overthemoon.Seealso:

orientationalmetaphor,linguisticmetaphor,ontologicalmetaphor

concretereference--具体指称关系areferringexpressionthatreferstoatangibleobject:

Theword"

colour"

canbeusedinanexpressionwithconcretereferenceasin:

Childrenlovebrightcolours.

context--1.contextnoun背景thesetoffactsorcircumstancesthatsurroundasituationorevent:

thehistoricalcontext"

Seealso:

circumstance

2.contextnoun上下文,文章脉络whatcomesbeforeandafteraword,phrase,statement,etchelpingtofixthemeaning:

Can'

tyouguessthemeaningofthewordfromthecontext

3.contextnoun语境discoursethatsurroundsalanguageunitandhelpstodetermineitsinterpretation

linguisticcontext,contextofuse

4.contextnoun上下文circumstancesinwhichanutteranceisproduced:

Thecontextoftenhelpsinunderstandingtheparticularmeaningoftheword,phrase,etc.

contextualmeaning

5.contextnoun（countableoruncountable）环境，背景（n）Thecontextofanideaoreventisthegeneralsituationthatrelatestoit,andwhichhelpsittobeunderstood.:

ThisisthecontextinwhichPresidentBillClintonmustdecidehispolicy.

setting,situation,environment,surroundings,circumstance

6.contextofusenoundiscoursethatsurroundsalanguageunitandhelpstodetermineitsinterpretation

context,linguisticcontext

contextualmeaning--上下文意义，语境意义meaningincontext,usedinterchangeablywithutterancemeaning:

Contextualmeaning,asopposedtoabstractmeaning,takesaccountofsituationalcontext.

utterancemeaning

contradiction

contradictory

contrary

conventionalimplicature--规约隐涵implicatureconventionallyattachedtoaparticularexpression:

Inthecaseofconventionalimplicaturethesameimplicatureisalwaysconveyed,regardlessofcontext,whereasinthecaseofconversationalimplicature,whatisimpliedvariesaccordingtothecontext.

conversationalimplicature--会话隐涵implicatureattachedtoaparticularutterance:

Inthatinthecaseofconventionalimplicaturethesameimplicatureisalwaysconveyed,regardlessofcontext,whereasinthecaseofconversationalimplicature,whatisimpliedvariesaccordingtothecontext.

conversational-contract--会话合约anunderstandingoftheconstraintsininteraction:

Weenterintoaconversationandcontinuewithinaconversationwiththe（usuallytacit）understandingofourcurrentconversational-contract（CC）ateveryturn.

cooperativeprinciple--合作原则assumptionthatpeoplecooperatewitheachotherwhencommunicating:

TheCooperativePrincipleisinstantiatedbyfourmaximsofconversationthathelpusestablishanimplicaturemoreaccurately.

maximsofconversation

culturalcoherence--文化连贯Thewayinwhichculturalmodelsshapeourmetaphoricalexpressions:

Thestudyofmetaphorinrelationtovariousculturalandlinguisticgroupshasassumedanimportantpartinthefieldofthestudyofcognitivesemantics,asnotedinthesectionon"

Culturalcoherence"

declarations--宣告性言语行为actsusedtochangethestatusofsomeentity:

Inowpronounceyoumanandwife"

isanexampleofdeclaration.

defeasibility--上下文敏感性context-sensitivity:

Thedefeasibilityofimplicaturesisthemostimportantdifferencebetweensemanticmeaningandimplicatedmeaning.

definingrelativeclause

definitereference--有定指称关系referringtoareferentthatisidentifiablebythehearer:

Nameshavedefinitereferencewithinacertaingroupofpeople,forinstance:

MissWongfromourteam;

thePresidentofourcompany.

deixis--deixisnounthefunctionofpointingorspecifyingfromtheperspectiveofaparticipantinanactofspeechorwriting;

aspectsofacommunicationwhoseinterpretationdependsonknowledgeofthecontextinwhichthecommunicationoccurs

2.deixisnoun指示词atermforawordorphrasewhichdirectlyrelatesanutterancetoatime,place,orperson（s）:

InEnglish,'

this'

isadeixis.

deontic--义务情态modalitythatexpressespermissionandobligation:

Itispossibleforustoviewandtocategorizemodalitiesintwobroadcategoriesofmodals:

deontic（obligation）andepistemic（possibility）.

2.deonticlogicnoun应性逻辑themodallogicofobligationandpermissibility

dependentpreposition--依存介词aprepositionthathabituallyco-occurwithcertainverbs:

Dependentprepositionsinvolvecollocations,wordsthathabituallyco-occur.

Discourse--

Utterancesortextlargerthanasentence.Ourcoursehashadstronginterestsindiscourseanalysis,lookingatsequencesofsentencesandinterchangeandtheirrelationtosocialinteraction,dominance,andcollaboration（seeThomasandTchudi84-86foranexample）.APowerPointpresentationondiscourseisavailableundertheClassdatfolderforourcourseincampuscomputerlabs.

Discourseroutines--

Pragmaticrulesthatestablishnormalactsequencesofdiscourse.Forexample,utterancepairsandresponsesingreetingsandtelephoneconversation.Chaikaarguesthatsuchrulescanforcesubordination,cooperation,ordominanceincommunicativeevents.APowerPointpresentationondiscourseisavailableundertheClassdatfolderforourcourseincampuscomputerlabs.

directives--指示性言语功能attemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething:

Havesomemore"

isanexampleofdirectives.

ditransitiveverb--双及物动词averbhavingtwoobjects:

JanegaveMa