常见修辞手法Word下载.docx

常见修辞手法Word下载.docx

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d.onequalityincommon

E.g.

Theywerepackedintothebuslikesardines.

tenorvehicle

Thewindisbitingintomyskinlikeamaddog.

tenorvehicle

Whyareyourushinglikeachickenwithitsheadcutoff?

Itwassnowingheavilyandathickwhiteblanketcoveredeverything.Thebranchesofthebaretrees

tenor

lookedlikewhitearmsagainstthenightsky.

vehicle

Patternsofsimile

a.XislikeY

Mywife’snewhatislikealighthouse（灯塔）.

Livingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.

b.X…as/（as…as）/asif/thoughY

Youcannothopetomoveme,asyoucannotexpectthesuntoriseinthewest.

Menfeardeath,aschildrenfeartogointhedark.（FrancisBacon）

c.XistoAwhatYistoB

Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.

Judicious（明智的，审慎的）praiseistochildrenwhatthesunistoflowers.

d.Xis…nomorethanY

Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.

e.X…andY（Thisisaspecialsimile,whichoftenoccursinEnglishproverbs.）

Awordandastoneletgocannotberecalled.

Truthandroseshavethornsaboutthem.

Metaphor

Ametaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.

Inasimile,thewordslike,as,as…so…areusedtomakethecomparison,asin

（1）Jimwasascunningasafox.

（2）Theworldislikeastage.

Inametaphor,however,thecomparisonwouldappearsimplyas

（1a）Jimwasafox.

（2a）Theworldisastage.

Sometaphorisafigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilyandprimarilydenotesonethingisappliedtoanotherinanimpliedcomparison.e.g.

Wateristhelifebloodofagriculture.

Tenorvehicle

Oursolarsystemincludesthemothersunandhernineoffspring.

Tenorvehicle

Metaphorscanbeusedinvariousforms.Nouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbscanallbeusedinametaphoricalway.

Patternsofmetaphor

a.Fulllengthmetaphor:

XisY.

Educationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingofafire.（WilliamB.Yeats）

教育不是往桶里倒水，而是把火点燃。

Shewasstrangledinthenetofgossip.

b.Compressedmetaphor:

Ifametaphorstatesonlyonetermofthecomparison,leavingtheotherimplicit,suchametaphoriscompressedmetaphor.Thereisonlyatenor,andthevehicleisindicatedbyaverb,anadjective,anadverb,etc.

Theboywolfeddownthefoodthemomenthegrabbedit.

Mysisterhasstarryeyes.

c.Extendedmetaphor:

Anextendedmetaphorisametaphorwhichisdevelopedbyanumberofdifferentfigurativeexpressions,extendingperhapsoverseveralclausesorsentences,andinvolvingseveraltenorsandvehicles.

Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.（FrancisBacon）

Bothasimileandametaphorinvolveacomparisonbetweentwounlikethings.Thethreeessentialelementsofthemareunlikeelements,similarity,andcomparison.Butametaphorindicatesacompleteidentification.Itsimplystatesthatoneelementisanother.Soametaphorisanimpliedcomparisonbetweentwoelements.Thepropertiesoftheelementformingthecomparison,knownasthevehicle,aretransferredtothesubjectofthemetaphor,knownasthetenor.Thetenorofastatementismademorecomprehensiblebythevehiclewhichcarriesnewmeaningtoit.Themetaphoricalelementencouragesthereadertothinkofthetenoranalogously.Generallythevehicleismorefamiliartothereaderthanatenor,thusthevehicleassuresquickcomprehension.

Metonymy

Bothmetonymyandsynecdochefallintothecategoryofsubstitution,usingonethingtorefertoanother.Metonymyisafigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanothercloselyassociatedwithit.Itistousesomethingthathassomeconnectionwiththesubjecttostandforthesubject.Thesubstitutednamemaybeanattributeofthatotherthingorbecloselyassociatedwithit.Inotherwords,itinvolvesa“changeofname”,thesubstitutednamesuggestingthethingmeant.E.g.

Menhaveheads/minds,womenhearts.

wisdom,reasonkindness

Thetwocountrieshavenevercrossedswardswitheachother.

fight

Scepter（国王或女王在仪式中手持的）权杖andCrownmusttumbledown.

therulingclass

Onlytheknifecansavehim.

doctor,operation

ShereadsShakespearetoimproveherEnglish.

Shakespeare’sworks

Thepenismightierthanthesword.

books,articlesweapon

Metonymycanbederivedfromvarioussources–fromnamesofpersons,fromanimals,professions,locationsorplacenames,etc.,aslistedbelow:

a.namesofpersons

JohnBull:

England,ortheEnglishpeople

UncleSam:

TheUnitedStatesofAmerica

Ivan:

TheRussianpeople

JohnDoe:

ordinaryAmericancitizen

b.animals

BritishLion:

EnglandortheEnglishgovernment

thebear:

TheformerSovietUnionortheSovietgovernment

c.partsofthebody

Heart:

feelingsoremotions

Head,brain:

wisdom,intelligence,reason

e.g.Useyourbrains.

Grayhair:

oldage

d.professions

thebar:

thelegalprofession

e.g.Hehasbeencalledtothebar.

thebench:

thepositionofjudgeormagistrate法官

e.g.Hehasbeenappointedtothebench.

theveil:

vocationofanun

e.g.Shetooktheveilat20.

thepress:

newspaper,newspaperreporters

e.g.He’smeetingthepressthismorning.

e.locationofgovernment,ofbusinessorindustrialenterprises

DowningStreet:

theBritishgovernmentorcabinet

TheWhiteHouse:

thePresidentofExecutivebranchoftheU.S.government

CapitolHill:

theLegislativebranchoftheU.S.government

thePentagon:

theU.S.militaryestablishment

Kremlin:

thegovernmentoftheformerSovietUnion

FleetStreet:

theBritishpress

WallStreet:

U.S.financialcircles

MadisonAvenue:

Americanadvertisingindustry

Hollywood:

Americanfilm-makingindustry

FoggyBottom:

U.S.StateDepartment

Synecdoche

Synecdocheisafigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforthewhole,thewholeforapart,thespecificforthegeneral,thegeneralforthespecific,orthematerialforthethingmadefromit.Forinstance:

Greatmindsthinkalike.People

Pleasegiveusourdailybread.Necessities

Thefoxgoeswellwithyourcap.Muffler（厚围巾）madeoffox’sfur

Hetrodtheboardsforaliving.Stage

Springwouldvanishwiththerose.Flowers

a.thepartforthewhole

Hand:

（1）memberofaship’screw

Allhandsondeck.

（2）worker,laborer,helper

Theywereshortofhandsatharvesttime.

Head:

person

Hepaidtheworkers$5perhead.

bravefellow

Yetthereweresomestoutheartswhoattemptedresistance.（C.S.Forester）

Legs:

（coll.）personsonfoot,theinfantry（步兵）

Thelegscouldhardlykeepupwiththetanks（坦克）.

Bread:

food,esp.staplefood主食

Giveusthisdayourdailybread.

b.thewholeforthepart

Nameofcountryforgroupofpeopleofthatcountry

AustraliabeatCanadaatcricket（板球）.

（=theAustralianteambeattheCanadianteam）

Vehicleforengine,machineformechanismofmachineitself,etc.

Thecarconkedout（出故障，失灵）.

Theplane’sflamedout（突然熄火）.

Theradio（TV）isoutoforder.

Personforpartofhisbody

Thenhecutmeopenandtookouttheappendixandstitchedmeupagain.

（=cuthisabdomenopen）

c.Thespecificforthegeneral,orthegeneralforthespecific

Alas,thatSpringshouldvanishwiththeRose!

（EdwardFitzgerald）

Rose=flowersingeneralthespecificforthegeneral

Whatadespicablecreatureheis!

Creature=manthegeneralforthespecific

d.Nameofmaterialforthethingmade

Hewalkedtheboardsforaliving.

thestage

Shewasdressedinsilksandsatins（缎子）.

dressesmadeofsilkandsatin

Cottonssuitsyou.

garmentsmadeofcotton

Betterbejocund（愉快的，开心的）withthefruitfulGrapethansaddenafternone,orbitter,fruit.（E.Fitzgerald）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　wine

Personification

Personificationisafigureofspeechinwhichinanimateobjectsorabstractionsarerepresentedwithhumanqualitiesorform.Forinstance:

Thegrimy,red-brickfortresswithitstallwindowsthathadlookeddowngrimlyontheplaygroundandplayingfieldshadbeensweptaway.

Theyoungmoonliesonherbacktonightasisherhabitinthetropics.

Thespringtimecame,firsttotheplainsandfoothills,andthenuptothemountainsnows.

Lazinesstravelssoslowlythatpovertysoonovertakeshim.（BenjaminFranklin）

Oneday,fortunewillsmiletoyou.

Mosquitoeswereusingmyanklesforfillingstations.

Thefallingleavesaredancinginthewind.

Infact,personificationisalsoakindofimpliedcomparison.Asisshownintheexamples,youimaginearesemblancebetweentheactionsbeingdescribedandthoseofananimaloraperson.

Euphemism

Euphemismisanindirectwordorphrasethatisoftenusedtorefertosomethingembarrassingo