TPO33阅读Word文档下载推荐.docx

TPO33阅读Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Theexacttimeandplacethatcropswerefirstcultivatedsuccessfullyisuncertain.Manyprehistoriansbelievethatfarmingmayhaveemergedindependentlyinseveraldifferentareasoftheworldwhensmallcommunities,drivenbyincreasingpopulationandadeclineinavailablefoodresources,begantoplantseedsinthegroundinanefforttoguaranteetheirsurvival.Thefirstfarmers,whomayhavelivedaslongas10,000yearsago,undoubtedlyusedsimpletechniquesandstillreliedprimarilyonotherformsoffoodproduction,suchashunting,foraging,orpastoralism.Therealbreakthroughtookplacewhenfarmersbegantocultivatecropsalongthefloodplainsofriversystems.Theadvantagewasthatcropsgrowninsuchareaswerenotasdependentonrainfallandthereforeproducedamorereliableharvest.Anadditionalbenefitwasthatthesedimentcarriedbytheriverwatersdepositednutrientsinthesoil,thusenablingthefarmertocultivateasingleplotofgroundformanyyearswithoutmovingtoanewlocation.Thus,thefirsttrulysedentary（thatis,nonmigratory）societieswereborn.Astimewenton,suchcommunitiesgraduallylearnedhowtodirecttheflowofwatertoenhancetheproductivecapacityoftheland,whiletheintroductionoftheironploweventuallyledtothecultivationofheavysoilsnotpreviouslysusceptibletoagriculture.

Paragraph3:

ThespreadofthisrivervalleyagricultureinvariouspartsofAsiaandAfricawasthedecisivefactorintheriseofthefirstcivilizations.Theincreaseinfoodproductionintheseregionsledtoasignificantgrowthinpopulation,whileeffortstocontroltheflowofwatertomaximizetheirrigationofcultivatedareasandtoprotectthelocalinhabitantsfromhostileforcesoutsidethecommunityprovokedthefirststepstowardcooperativeactivitiesonalargescale.Theneedtooverseetheentireprocessbroughtabouttheemergenceofanelitethatwaseventuallytransformedintoagovernment.

Paragraph4:

ThefirstclearstepsintheriseofthefirstcivilizationstookplaceinthefourthandthirdmillenniaB.C.inMesopotamia,northernAfrica,India,andChina.Howthefirstgovernmentstookshapeintheseareasisnotcertain,butanthropologistsstudyingtheevolutionofhumancommunitiesinvariouspartsoftheworldhavediscoveredthatonecommonstageintheprocessistheemergenceofwhatarecalled“bigmen”withinasinglevillageoracollectionofvillages.Bymeansoftheirmilitaryprowess,dominantpersonalities,orpoliticaltalents,thesepeoplegraduallyemergeastheleadersofthatcommunity.Intime,the“bigmen”becomeformalsymbolsofauthorityandpassonthatauthoritytootherswithintheirownfamily.Asthecommunitiescontinuetogrowinsizeandmaterialwealth,the“bigmen”assumehereditarystatus,andtheiralliesandfamilymembersaretransformedintoahereditarymonarchy.

Paragraph5:

Theappearanceofthesesedentarysocietieshadamajorimpactonthesocialorganizations,religiousbeliefs,andwayoflifeofthepeopleslivingwithintheirboundaries.Withtheincreaseinpopulationandthedevelopmentofcentralizedauthoritycametheemergenceofthecities.Whilesomeoftheseurbancenterswereidentifiedwithaparticulareconomicfunction,suchasproximitytogoldorirondepositsorastrategiclocationonamajortraderoute,othersservedprimarilyasadministrativecentersorthesiteoftemplesfortheofficialcultorotherritualobservances.Withinthesecities,newformsoflivelihoodappearedtosatisfythegrowingneedforsocialservicesandconsumergoods.Somepeoplebecameartisansormerchants,whileothersbecamewarriors,scholars,orpriests.Insomecases,thephysicaldivisionwithinthefirstcitiesreflectedthestricthierarchicalcharacterofthesocietyasawhole,witharoyalpalacesurroundedbyanimposingwallandseparatefromtheremainderoftheurbanpopulation.Inotherinstances,suchastheIndusRiverValley,thecitieslackedaroyalprecinctandtheostentatiouspalacesthatmarkedtheircontemporarieselsewhere.

1.Thephrase“culminatedin”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A）reachedahighpointwith

B）logicallyfollowedfrom

C）partlycontributedto

D）marked

2.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofearlyfarmers?

A）Theyusedfarmingtosupplementotherfoodsources.

B）Theyweredrivenoutofsmallcommunities.

C）Theywerevictimsofflooding.

D）Theyfarmedseveralplotsoflandatonce.

3.Theword“undoubtedly”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A）increasingly

B）certainly

C）ingeneral

D）apparently

4.Accordingtoparagraph2,whatareTWOreasonswhyfarmerschoserivervalleysforcultivation?

ToreceivecredityoumustselectTWOanswerchoices.

A）Thesoilsinrivervalleyswererichinnutrients.

B）Thecropsgrowninrivervalleyswerenotcompletelydependentonrainwater.

C）Farmingtechniquescouldnotbeeasilyappliedtosoilsfarfromrivers.

D）Theheavierweightofriversoilresultedinmorereliableharvests.

5.Theword“enhance”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A）serve

B）improve

C）control

D）protect

6.Theword“provoked”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A）secured

B）coordinated

C）modeled

D）broughtabout

7.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingisNOTareasonwhygovernmentsfirstaroseamongagriculturalcommunities?

A）Asignificantincreaseinpopulation

B）Thedesiretocontrolwaterresourcesforirrigation

C）Theneedforprotectionfromoutsideforces

D）Thedemandfororganizedcommunicationwithothercommunities

ThefirstclearstepsintheriseofthefirstcivilizationstookplaceinthefourthandthirdmillenniaB.C.inMesopotamia,northernAfrica,India,andChina.Howthefirstgovernmentstookshapeintheseareasisnotcertain,butanthropologistsstudyingtheevolutionofhumancommunitiesinvariouspartsoftheworldhavediscoveredthatonecommonstageintheprocessistheemergenceofwhatarecalled“bigmen”withinasinglevillageoracollectionofvillages.Bymeansoftheirmilitaryprowess,dominantpersonalities,orpoliticaltalents,thesepeoplegraduallyemergeastheleadersofthatcommunity.Intime,the“bigmen”becomeformalsymbolsofauthorityandpassonthatauthoritytootherswithintheirownfamily.Asthecommunitiescontinuetogrowinsizeandmaterialwealth,the“bigmen”assumehereditarystatus,andtheiralliesandfamilymembersaretransformedintoahereditarymonarchy.

8.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatisnotknownabouttheriseofthefirstcivilizations?

A）Wherethefirststepstowardcivilizationtookplace

B）Whowasallowedtoreplace“bigmen”afterthe“bigmen”died

C）Whysomeindividualsbecamerecognizedasleaders

D）Howgovernmentsemerged

9.Whatistherelationshipbetweenparagraphs3and4inthepassage?

A）Paragraph3explainswhyaneedforleadershiparoseinearlycivilizations,andparagraph4describeshowthatleadershipdeveloped.

B）Paragraph3suggeststhatagriculturewasfirstpracticedinAsiaandAfrica,andparagraph4discusseshowitmighthavelaterspreadtotherestoftheworld.

C）Paragraph3describesseveralmetho