Linguistics语言学归纳文档格式.docx
《Linguistics语言学归纳文档格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Linguistics语言学归纳文档格式.docx(7页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
diachronic共时的&
历时的
Synchronic:
thedescriptionofaIanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.
Diachronic:
thedescriptionofaIanguageasitchangesthroughtime.
3)Langue&
parole语言&
言语
Langue:
referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
Parole:
referstotherealizationofIanguageinactualuse.
4)Competenee&
performanee语言能力&
语言运用
Competenee:
theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhisIanguage
Performanee:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
DesignfeaturesofIanguage:
1)arbitrariness:
(任意性)meansthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.
2)Productivity:
itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnew
signalsbyitsusers.
3)Duality:
(双重性)dualityofstructureordoublearticulationofIanguageenablesuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.
4)Displacement:
Ianguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.不受时空限制
5)Culturaltransmission文化传播(eg:
狼孩)
2.FunctionsofIanguage:
1)Descriptivefunction:
itisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.
2)Expressivefunction:
suppliesinformationabouttheuser'
feelings,preferences,prejudicesandvalues.
3)Socialfunction:
servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetween
people.
英世舘音分类
LdbiaE
呗居科
LAbiO'
-dcnUil1
AiSlW
Dental
因奇
AlveoJar
Palate!
Velar-软釋荷
Stops爆破音
VL
E>
t
k
TO
b
d
ft
Fricstiv?
^廊擦音
s
U
E
ALlricahe^
那撫音
vr
1
6
〔灯)
订
V
VD
m
n
厦音
VT*
Oh轴
w
J
Phone:
(音素)isaphoneticunitorsegment.
Phoneme:
(音位)isaphonologicalunit.Itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.
3.Morphemes词素一theminimalunitsofmeaning
ThesmallestunitofIanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction
Freemorpheme:
amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitself.
Boundmorphemeamorphememustbeattachedtoanotherone.
Derivationalmorphemes:
(彳衍生词素)themorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwords.Theyareconjoinedtoothermorphemes/words,newwordsarederivedorformed.(-en,-ate,-ic,-ous,-ly,-tion,-sive,-er)标出
Inflectionalmorphemes:
(曲折词素)theyareattachedtowordsormorphemes,buttheyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory.(-s,-er,-est,-ed,-ing)O标出
4.Category:
referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularIanguagesuchasasentence,anounphaseoraverb.Non-traditionalcategories:
determiner(Det)限定词,degree(Deg),qualifier(Qua)Phraseelements:
specifiers,complements(XPRule),modifiers.
Deepstructure:
formedbytheXPruleinaccordaneewiththehead'
ssubcategorizationproperties.没变形陈述句
Surfacestructure
5.Lexicalmeaning:
Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,thecollectonofallitsfeatures;
itisabstractandde-contextualized.
Eg:
dog-generalmeaningofdog,features
Referenee:
meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.
Eg;
Oneparticular/certaindogexistentinthesituation,knowntoeachother
6.
Context:
itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.(JohnFirth)
Speechacttheory:
(JohnAustin)
Locutionaryact:
(言内行为)istheactofutteringwords,phrasesandclauses.
Illocutionaryact:
(言外之意)istheactofexpressingthespeakersintention;
itistheactofperformedinsayingsomething.
Perlocutionaryact:
(言后行为)istheactofperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;
itistheconsequeneeof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutteranee.
Cooperativeprinciple-CP(PaulGrice)
Themaximofquantity:
Saynolessthantheconversationrequires.
Saynomorethantheconversationrequires.
Themaximofquality:
Don'
tsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.
tsaythingsforwhichyoulackevidenee.
Themaximofmanner:
tbeobscure.Don'
tbeambiguous.
Bebrief.Beorderly.
ThemaximofrelevaneeBerelevant.
7.Languagechange
Additionofnewwords:
1)Coinage:
创新词
Spywaredigitalcameracybercitizenmousepotato
2)Clippedwords:
缩略词
Lab-laboratorygym-gymnasiumfridge-refrigeratorburger-hamburger
3)Blending:
紧缩法
Smog-smoke+fogbrunch-breakfast+lunchcamcorder-camera+recorder
4)Acronyms:
首字母缩略词
CEO-chiefexecutiveofficerIT-informationtechnology
EUVIPB2BCPI
5)Back-formation:
逆构词法
Toedit/beg/baby-sit/donate/orient/hawk/aviate/appreciate
6)Functionshift
adj.-v.tocool/narrow/dim/slow
7)Borrowing
Bonustragedyskirteducationcycleprinceguitarbalcony
Balloonoperapumpteatofukowtowsampanzero
Kungfumahjongspaghettibizarregarage
8)Derivation派生词
Fixablerefusalexcitingimpressivedislikerestate
anti-pollution
unfair
realize
happiness
9)Compounds复合词
Bittersweet
rainbow
spoonfeed
sleepwalkinbornoff-license
Undertake
without
Iandlady
handoverwhitewash
8.Register语域
Fieldofdiscourse话语范围:
referstowhatisgoingon:
ontheareaofoperationoftheIanguageactivity.
Tenorofdiscourse话语基调:
referstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:
whotheparticipantsinthecommunicationgroupsareandwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.
Modeofdiscourse话语方式:
referstothemeansofcommunication.Itisconcernedwithhow”communicationiscarriedout.
9.Sapir-whorfhypothesis(SWH)萨丕尔•沃尔夫假说
Languagefilterspeople'
perceptionangthewaytheycategorizetheirexperiences.
10.LanguageAcquisition
TheoriesofchildIanguageacquisition:
1)Thebehaviorist
Imitationandpracticearepreliminary,anddiscriminationandgeneralizationarecrucialtoIanguagedevelopment.(habit-forming)
ButitfailstoexplainhowchildrenacquiremorecomplexgrammaticalstructuresoftheIanguage.
2)Theinnatist
LanguageAcquisitiondevice(LAD)Chomsky
Itproposedthathumanbeingsarebornwithaninnateability.
Itsaidthatthetheblackbox”containprinciplesthatareuniversaltoallhumanIanguage.
UniversalGrammar(UG)
3)Theinteractionist
ItholdsthatIanguagedevelopsasaresultofthecomplexinterplaybetweenthehumancharacteristicsofthechildandtheenvironmentinwhichhegrows.motheresechilddirectedspeech(CDS)caretakertalk
CriticalPeriodHypothesis(CPH)EricLenneberg
LADworkssuccessfullyonlywhenitisstimulatedattherighttime—aspecificandlimitedtimeperiodforIanguageacquisition.
Twoversions
StrongonesuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstIanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposure.
TheweakholdsthatIanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultandincompleteafterpuberty.
11.SecondLanguageAcquisition
Positivetransfer正迁移facilitate
Negativetransfer负迁移interfereorhinder
Interlanguage中介语
ItwasestablishedaslearnersindependentsystemofthesecondIanguage,whichisofneitherthenativeIanguagenorthesecondIanguage,butacontinuumorapproximationfromoneextremeofhisnativeIanguagetotheotherofthesecondIanguage.
Fossilization石化现象
ItisaprocessoccurringfromtimetotimeinwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesaIanguage.
Acquisition习得
Itisasubconsciousprocesswithoutminutelearningofgrammaticalrules.
Learning学习
ItreferstoconsciouseffortstolearnthesecondIanguageknowledgebylearningtherulesandtalkingabouttherules.