六级真题 12文档格式.docx
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2.因此，学校可以……
3.我们自己应当……
HowtoImproveStudents’MentalHealth
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PartIIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
SupersizeSurprise
Askanyonewhythereisanobesityepidemicandtheywilltellyouthatit’salldowntoeatingtoomuchandburningtoofewcalories.Thatexplanationappealstocommonsenseandhasdominatedeffortstogettotherootoftheobesityepidemicandreverseit.Yetobesityresearchersareincreasinglydissatisfiedwithit.Manynowbelievethatsomethingelsemusthavechangedinourenvironmenttoprecipitate（促成）suchdramaticrisesinobesityoverthepast40yearsorso.Nobodyissayingthatthe“bigtwo”—reducedphysicalactivityandincreasedavailabilityoffood—arenotimportantcontributorstotheepidemic,buttheycannotexplainitall.
Earlierthisyearareviewpaperby20obesityexpertssetoutthe7mostplausiblealternativeexplanationsfortheepidemic.Heretheyare.
1.Notenoughsleep
Itiswidelybelievedthatsleepisforthebrain,notthebody.Couldashortageofshut-eyealsobehelpingtomakeusfat?
Severallarge-scalestudiessuggesttheremaybealink.Peoplewhosleeplessthan7hoursanighttendtohaveahigherbodymassindexthanpeoplewhosleepmore,accordingtodatagatheredbytheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey.Similarly,theUSNurses’HealthStudy,whichtracked68,000womenfor16years,foundthatthosewhosleptanaverageof5hoursanightgainedmoreweightduringthestudyperiodthanwomenwhoslept6hours,whointurngainedmorethanthosewhoslept7.
It’swellknownthatobesityimpairssleep,soperhapspeoplegetfatfirstandsleeplessafterwards.Butthenurses’studysuggeststhatitcanworkintheotherdirectiontoo:
sleeplossmayprecipitateweightgain.
Althoughgettingfiguresisdifficult,itappearsthatwereallyaresleepingless.In1960peopleintheUSsleptanaverageof8.5hourspernight.A2002pollbytheNationalSleepFoundationsuggeststhattheaveragehasfallentounder7hours,andthedeclineismirroredbytheincreaseinobesity.
2.
Climatecontrol
Wehumans,likeallwarm-bloodedanimals,cankeepourcorebodytemperaturesprettymuchconstantregardlessofwhat’sgoingonintheworldaroundus.Wedothisbyalteringourmetabolic（新陈代新的）rate,shiveringorsweating.Keepingwarmandstayingcooltakeenergyunlessweareinthe“thermo-neutralzone”,whichisincreasinglywherewechoosetoliveandwork.
Thereisnodenyingthatambienttemperatures（环境温度）havechangedinthepastfewdecades.Between1970and2000,theaverageBritishhomewarmedfromachilly13℃to18℃.IntheUS,thechangeshavebeenattheotherendofthethermometerastheproportionofhomeswithairconditioningrosefrom23%to47%between1978and1997.Inthesouthernstates—whereobesityratestendtobehighest–thenumberofhouseswithairconditioninghasshotupto70%from37%in1978.
Couldairconditioninginsummerandheatinginwinterreallymakeadifferencetoourweight?
Sadly,thereissomeevidencethatitdoes—atleastwithregardtoheating.Studiesshowthatincomfortabletemperaturesweuselessenergy.
3.Lesssmoking
Badnews:
smokersreallydotendtobethinnerthantherestofus,andquittingreallydoespackonthepounds,thoughnooneissurewhy.Itprobablyhassomethingtodowiththefactthatnicotine（尼古丁）isanappetitesuppressantandappearstoupyourmetabolicrate.
KatherineFlegalandcolleaguesattheUSNationalCenterforHealthStatisticsinHyattsville,Maryland,havecalculatedthatpeoplekickingthehabithavebeenresponsibleforasmallbutsignificantportionoftheUSepidemicoffatness.Fromdatacollectedaround1991bytheUSNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurvey,theyworkedoutthatpeoplewhohadquitinthepreviousdecadeweremuchmorelikelytobeoverweightthansmokersandpeoplewhohadneversmoked.Amongmen,forexample,nearlyhalfofquitterswereoverweightcomparedwith37%ofnon-smokersandonly28%ofsmokers.
4.Geneticeffects
Yourchancesofbecomingfatmaybeset,atleastinpart,beforeyouwereevenborn.Childrenofobesemothersaremuchmorelikelytobecomeobesethemselveslaterinlife.Offspringofmicefedahigh-fatdietduringpregnancyaremuchmorelikelytobecomefatthantheoffspringofidenticalmicefedanormaldiet.Intriguingly,theeffectpersistsfortwoorthreegenerations.Grand-childrenofmicefedahigh-fatdietgrowupfateveniftheirownmotherisfednormally—soyourfatemayhavebeensealedevenbeforeyouwereconceived.
5.Alittleolder…
Somegroupsofpeoplejusthappentobefatterthanothers.SurveyscarriedoutbytheUSNationalCenterforHealthStatisticsfoundthatadultsaged40to79werearoundthreetimesaslikelytobeobeseasyoungerpeople.Non-whitefemalesalsotendtofallatthefatterendofthespectrum:
Mexican-Americanwomenare30%morelikelythanwhitewomentobeobese,andblackwomenhavetwicetherisk.
IntheUS,thesegroupsaccountforanincreasingpercentageofthepopulation.Between1970and2000theUSpopulationaged35to44grewby43%.TheproportionofHispanic-Americansalsogrew,fromunder5%to12.5%ofthepopulation,whiletheproportionofblackAmericansincreasedfrom11%to12.3%.Thesechangesmayaccountinpartfortheincreasedprevalenceofobesity.
6.Maturemums
Mothersaroundtheworldaregettingolder.IntheUK,themeanageforhavingafirstchildis27.3,comparedwith23.7in1970.MeanageatfirstbirthintheUShasalsoincreased,risingfrom21.4in1970to24.9in2000.Thiswouldbeneitherherenorthereifitweren’tfortheobservationthathavinganoldermotherseemstobeanindependentriskfactorforobesity.ResultsfromtheUSNationalHeart,LungandBloodInstitute’sstudyfoundthattheoddsofachildbeingobeseincrease14%foreveryfiveextrayearsoftheirmother’sage,thoughwhythisshouldbesoisnotentirelyclear.
MichaelSymondsattheUniversityofNottingham,UK,foundthatfirst-bornchildrenhavemorefatthanyoungerones.Asfamilysizedecreases,firstbornsaccountforagreatershareofthepopulation.In1964,Britishwomengavebirthtoanaverageof2.95children;
by2005thatfigurehadfallento1.79.IntheUSin1976,9.6%ofwomenintheir40shadhadonlyonechild;
in2004itwas17.4%.Thiscombinationofoldermothersandmoresinglechildrencouldbecontributingtotheobesityepidemic.
7.Likemarryinglike
Justaspeoplepairoffaccordingtolooks,sotheydoforsize.Leanpeoplearemorelikelytomarryleanandfatmorelikelytomarryfat.Onitsown,likemarryinglikecannotaccountforanyincreaseinobesity.Butcombinedwithothers—particularlythefactthatobesityispartlygenetic,andthatheavierpeoplehavemorechildren—itamplifiestheincreasefromothercauses.
1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
[A]Effectsofobesityonpeople’shealth.
[B]Thelinkbetweenlifestyleandobesity.
[C]Newexplanationsfortheobesityepidemic.
[D]Possiblewaystocombattheobesityepidemic.
2.IntheUSNurses’HealthStudy,womenwhosleptanaverageof7hoursanight______.
[A]gainedtheleastweight[B]wereinclinedtoeatless
[C]foundtheirvigorenhanced[D]werelesssusceptibletoillness
3.Thepopularbeliefaboutobesityisthat______.
[A]itmakesussleepy
[B]itcausessleeploss
[C]itincreasesourappetite[D]itresultsfromlackofsleep
4.Howdoesindoorheatingaffectourlife?
[A]Itmakesusstayindoorsmore.[B]Itacceleratesourmetabolicrate.
[C]Itmakesusfeelmoreenergetic.[D]Itcontributestoourweightgain.
5.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheeffectofnicotineonsmokers?
[A]Itthreatenstheirhealth.
[B]Itheightenstheirspirits.
[C]Itsuppressestheirappetite.
[D]Itslowsdowntheirmetabolism.
6.WhoaremostlikelytobeoverweightaccordingtoKatherineFlegal’sstudy?
[A]Heavysmokers.
[B]Passivesmokers.
[C]Thosewhoneversmoke.
[D]Thosewhoquitsmoking.
7.AccordingtotheUSNationalCenterforHealthStatistics,theincreasedobesityintheUSisaresultof______.
[A]thegrowingnumberofsmokersamongyoungpeople
[B]therisingproportionofminoritiesinitspopulation
[C]theincreasingconsumptionofhigh-caloriefoods
[D]theimprovinglivingstandardsofthepoorpeople
8.AccordingtotheUSNationalHeart,LungandBloodInstitute,thereasonwhyoldermothers’childrentendtobeobeseremains________________________.
9.Acco
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