新编英语语法教程主要章节语法术语Word下载.docx

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新编英语语法教程主要章节语法术语Word下载.docx

独立分句和从属分句

(2)Simpleclause&

Complexclause(*complexsentence)

简单分句和复杂分句(*复杂句)

(3)Mainclause&

Subordinateclause

主句和从句

(4)Finiteclause,non-finiteclauseandVerblessclause

限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句

(1)Fullsentence&

Minorsentence完全句和不完全句

(2)Simplesentence,Compoundsentence,Complexsentence&

Compoundcomplexsentenee简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句

(3)Declarativesentence,imperativesentence,interrogativesentence,exclamatorysentence

(4)

Sentenceelements:

1.Twowaysofsentenceanalysis

1)SVO

Sentence

Clause

Sentence=Subject+Predicate(PredicateVerb+Object,Complement.Adverbial,etc.)

句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。

2)Subject+Predicate(=operator+predication)

Lecture2Subject-VerbConcord(L2-3)

Non-finiteclauseRelativeclauseCleftsentence

非限定分句关系分句分裂句

Lecture3NounandNounPhrase(L4-5)

1.Classificationofnouns

rProperN

Partitive(UnitNoun)单位词

2.CasesofNouns

Genitivecase(属格)/Possessivecas(所有格)

Genitivecase

{IndependentGenitive

DoubleGenitive

Genitivecasesspecifyingtherefereneeofthenounphrase.

Specificreferenee特指)Genericreference(类指)Indefinitegenitivephrase(非确定特指)

Lecture4Determiner(L6-7)

1.Definition

Determinersarefunctionwordswhichareusedtodetermineorfixthereferenceofanoun.

1

厂在.Speciilcreterenee(持指)

Scopey

Genericreference(类指)

Reference;

\

厂c.Definitequantity定数量]

Quantity(数量)4

Ld.mdefinitequantity(非确定数量)

2.Classification

Determiner

Articles

((冠词)

DefiniteIndefinitezero

GenitivesrGenitivenoun(possessivesJ

(属格)GenitivePron

Demonstratives(指示词〕

fRelatives(关系限是词)

Wh°

[Interrogatives(疑间限定词)丿

〔数词)

^Multiplier(倍数)

Fraction(分数)

Ca_rdiiial(基数)

^Ordinal(序数)

Quantifiers(量词)

IndefiniteDet

(不定限定词)

<

such

Centraladeterminers

PredBterminer

APostdetemiiners

several*many,much;

mure,mu就,(a)fe^/little,,otherTanotherall.both*half

no.some,any,ever>

\enough,either,neither

3.Articles

Articleisamajorgroupofdeterminersusedtodelimitthescopeofrefereneeofnouns(主要用來限

定名词的指称范围).

Tvpes

fDefinite:

the'

Functions

Genericreference(類指)

一SpecificreferenceZerojO谐指)

/*Unceitain

indefinite1a/an

Anaphoric(后照应)

Specificreference]

.-Definitespecificreferencedb.Cataphoric(前照应)(确定特指)

Lc.Situational(语境)

d.Indefinitespecificreference

(非确定特指)

Lecture5Pronoun(L8-9)

1.Classification

rPers仃nWFrnn(人称代词):

l/me<

we/us,you.he/him^she/her,it.they/tliem

PossessivesPron(物主化词[二mine5ours«

yoursrhis,hers*the!

rs

KeflexivePron(反身代词):

myself,ourselxes.yourself,yourselves,himself,】lerself,itsel£

themselves

Pron<

ReciprocalPron(桂互彳弋卞]):

eacftiotlierPoneailother

DemonstrativePron(指示ft词):

tins,that,tliese^those,such

RelativePron(关累賞词):

tliat,who,what,which,-ever

InterrogativePron(疑|H]ft词):

who}what4which,whose<

-ever

IndefiniteFron〔不定{弋词):

Evwry划sonie-^any-^no-?

others^anotlier,many,nmclulittle,all,lialE,alot,either*neither,

Qtu;

theformer/latter;

one/t\vo/three/etc<

;

thefirst/second/last/etc.

Antecedent先行词

2.Theuseofreflexivepronoun(-self)

Uncmphatic^

use

Object

Prepositionalcomplementationl(介词补足成分)

ReflexivePron-

Emphatic

Appositivc(同位诺)

Contrastiveprepositionalcomplementation(对比性介词补足成分)

Special-meaningprepositionalcomplementation(表特殊意义的介词补足成分)

Subjectcomplement(主语补语)

Subjectorpartofsubject

3.Pronounreferenee(代词照应)

前照应(Anaphoricreferenc^、后照应(Cataphoricreferenee)语境照应(Situationalreferenee)

人称照应(Personalreferenee、指示照应(Demonstrativereferenee)

Lecture6VerbandVerbPhrase(L10-22)

1.Classificationofverbs

Primary,modal&

semi-auxiliaries

1)

Mainverbs&

auxiliaries(function&

formation)

2)Transitiveverb,intransitiveverbs&

linkingverbs

(whetherfollowedbycompliments)

V,+objectIcompliment1adverbial

3)Dynamicverb&

stativeverbs(lexicalmeaning)

4)Single-wordverb&

phrasalverbs(word-formation

&

grammaticalform)

5)Finiteverbsandnon-finiteverbs(form)

to-infinltive,-ingparticiple&

-edparticiple(L19-22)

动词分类的标准有很多种,如上图所示,记住基本的术语和其用法就是。

比如及物动词、不及物动词、联系

动词、助动词、动态动词、静态动词、词组动词、限定动词、非限定动词、不定式,不带to不定式(bareinfinitive)等等,还有副词小品词(adverbparticle)。

TransitiveVerbs:

followedbyobjects.

Intransitiveverbs:

donotrequireanobject.

Linkingverbs:

followedbysubjectcompliments.

?

SVO主一动一宾

SVoO主一动一宾一宾

SVOC主一动一宾一补

SV主一动

SVC主一动一补

(Transitiveverb)

(Ditransitiveverb)

【双宾语动词】(Monotransitiveverb)

【单宾语动词】(Intransitiveverb)

(Linkingverb)

Thisaspectisofessentialimportaneebecausetheverbtypeheredeterminesthebasicsentencestructureofyoursentenceandhowyoucanexpandyoursentence.

2.Tenseandaspects

^xTenseAspect'

Simplepresent

Simplepast

Simplefuture

Pastfuture

progressive

现在进行体

过去进行体

将来进行体

过去将来进行体

perfective

现在完成体

过去完成体

将来完成体

过去将来完成体

Perfectiveprogressive

现在完成进行体

过去完成进行体

将来完成进行体

过去将来完成进行体

4.Mood

陈述式(Indicativemood)、祈使式(Imperativemood)、虚拟式(Subjunctivemood)

5.Non-finiteverbs

pp.230-1动态形容词(DynamicAdjective)、静态形容词(StativeAdjective)

p.251前置修饰语(Premodifier)>

p.256悬垂分词(DanglingParticiple)/无依着分词(Unattachedparticiple)、依着法贝卩(Attachmentrule)

Lecture7AdjectiveandAdverb(L23-24)

1.1Adjective&

AdjectivePhrase

MjP

CompoundAdj(复合形容词〕

1.3Adjectivemeaning

1.2Adjectiveform

「FreemorphemeAdjhobcold)

广Oile-^vordAdj-2DerivativeAdjf派生形容词)

--ingAdj

动态形容词、静态形容词、等级形容词、非等级形容词

2.1Adverb&

AdverbPhrase(AdvP)

(pre-nioSifier)

AdvP

head

(pSsE^odifleror

complementation补足戍甘)

quite

clearlv

•神

dearly

enough

independentlyofliisparents

2.2Advform

厂SimpleAdv:

UeriAati'

ieAdv:

AdvY

too*ratJier,iiard.quite,late,soon,here,early,long,dcnvr^round,today,tomorrow,etc.

clearly^usually,unconsciously;

weekly,fatherly^timely;

pairwise*piecewise,clockwise;

hoineivarcls*aftenvards,seawards;

etc*

aiij^ayjam~vvhere,nowhere,jheretofore,however,henceforth^

(^inpounVnevertheless,tiierefore,tliereof,thereupon,thereafter,thereby,etc.

IdiomaticAdv:

ofcourse,kindof.atlast,onearth,afteralhinfact,verymuchetc.

2.3AdvMeaning

Ctpp・421-3

Advoftiinp

Adv-

Advofplncc

.xAdjunctiveAdvJ三

工fAdvofmanner

(條饰件劃词〕

P272

Advofdegree

LAdvnffrequpiicy

DisjnnrtiveAdv(评注性副词说淸人的认知、情感.说话方式

^ConjunctiveAdv(连接性副词)

p.274修饰性状语(Adjunct)、评注性状语(Disjunet)、连接性状语(Conjunct)

Lecture8Degree&

ComparativeConstruction

(L25)

(比较等级和比较结构)

RegulardegreeformsofAdj&

Adv

Positive/absolute

Comparative

Superlative

原级

比较级

最咼级

Monosyllabic

Synthetic

Adj-/Adv-er

Adj/Adv-est

(单音节)Adj&

(inflectional)

综合(屈折)形式

Polysyllabic

Analytic(phrasal)

moreAdj/Adv

mostAdj/Adv

(多音节)Adj&

分析(词组)形式

Disyllabic

SyntheticorAnalytic

(双音节)Adj&

1.Degreeforms

Notes:

(1)-ingand-edparticipialAdjtakesmore~&

most~

(2)Someirregularforms,e.g.,far,good

(3)GradableindefiniteDet&

Prons:

many/much,few,little

2.Comparativeconstruction

ThenonstandardAustrianGermanspeakerswereratedasLaggressive].

->

・•丄moreaggressive].

...[nioreaggressivethanthestandardspeakers^.

AdjP

modifierhead

degreecomplem

aggressh^etlianthestandardspeakers张道負等人:

as/than引导的成分是比较状语(X)

--Howaggressive?

—Mmeaggressivejhanthest盘ndfird(修饰语)

more

3.GeneralstructureofComparativeconstruction

Comparativeconstruction

Adv

degreecomplementation

comparativcphrase/clause

as/so;

-er;

inore/lessAdj/Adv/N

(1)More(less,fewer)canbeDetorPron:

Model2accountedformorevarianee

as/than-phrase/elause

…thandidModel1.(Det)

Itappearedinmorethan50%oftherequeste-mails.(Pron)

(2)As&

thanareConjorrarelyPrep:

Johnistallerthanshe(is)./Johnistallerthanher.

E.g.Appleisastastyastomato.

Complement

A贞P(comparativeconstruction)

Lecture9Statement,Question,Command&

Exclamation(L27)

(陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句)

(1)

Sentencetypes句子

Simplesentence,Compoundsentence,Complexsentence&

Compoundcomplexsentence简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句(Accordinggrammaticalstructure)

(2)Declarativesentence,imperativesentence,interrogativesentence,Exclamatorysentenee陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句(Accordingtocommunicativefunction)

1.Statements(Declarativesentences):

Positive/Negativestatements

2.Questions(Interrogativesentences):

General(yes-no)questions,Special(Wh-)questions,Alternativequestions,Tagquestions附加疑问句),Rhetoricalquestions修辞疑问句)

3.CommandsandExclamations

4.Tagquestions(pp.316-9)Transferrednegation否定转移)

(L28-29)

Lecture10ExistentialSentence&

It-Patterns

(存在句和It-句型)

1.Existentialsentence

存在句、实义主语(NotionalSubject)、真主语(Realsubject)、地点状语(Locativeadverbial)、时间状语(Temporaladverbial)

*p.326,提及的非确定特指,冠词、数词等限定词,见限定词(Determiner)—讲。

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