新编英语语法教程主要章节语法术语Word下载.docx
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独立分句和从属分句
(2)Simpleclause&
Complexclause(*complexsentence)
简单分句和复杂分句(*复杂句)
(3)Mainclause&
Subordinateclause
主句和从句
(4)Finiteclause,non-finiteclauseandVerblessclause
限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句
(1)Fullsentence&
Minorsentence完全句和不完全句
(2)Simplesentence,Compoundsentence,Complexsentence&
Compoundcomplexsentenee简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句
(3)Declarativesentence,imperativesentence,interrogativesentence,exclamatorysentence
(4)
Sentenceelements:
1.Twowaysofsentenceanalysis
1)SVO
Sentence
Clause
Sentence=Subject+Predicate(PredicateVerb+Object,Complement.Adverbial,etc.)
句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。
2)Subject+Predicate(=operator+predication)
Lecture2Subject-VerbConcord(L2-3)
Non-finiteclauseRelativeclauseCleftsentence
非限定分句关系分句分裂句
Lecture3NounandNounPhrase(L4-5)
1.Classificationofnouns
rProperN
Partitive(UnitNoun)单位词
2.CasesofNouns
Genitivecase(属格)/Possessivecas(所有格)
Genitivecase
{IndependentGenitive
DoubleGenitive
Genitivecasesspecifyingtherefereneeofthenounphrase.
Specificreferenee特指)Genericreference(类指)Indefinitegenitivephrase(非确定特指)
Lecture4Determiner(L6-7)
1.Definition
Determinersarefunctionwordswhichareusedtodetermineorfixthereferenceofanoun.
1
厂在.Speciilcreterenee(持指)
Scopey
Genericreference(类指)
Reference;
\
厂c.Definitequantity定数量]
Quantity(数量)4
Ld.mdefinitequantity(非确定数量)
2.Classification
Determiner
Articles
((冠词)
DefiniteIndefinitezero
GenitivesrGenitivenoun(possessivesJ
(属格)GenitivePron
Demonstratives(指示词〕
fRelatives(关系限是词)
Wh°
[Interrogatives(疑间限定词)丿
〔数词)
^Multiplier(倍数)
Fraction(分数)
Ca_rdiiial(基数)
^Ordinal(序数)
Quantifiers(量词)
IndefiniteDet
(不定限定词)
<
such
Centraladeterminers
PredBterminer
APostdetemiiners
several*many,much;
mure,mu就,(a)fe^/little,,otherTanotherall.both*half
no.some,any,ever>
\enough,either,neither
3.Articles
Articleisamajorgroupofdeterminersusedtodelimitthescopeofrefereneeofnouns(主要用來限
定名词的指称范围).
Tvpes
fDefinite:
the'
Functions
Genericreference(類指)
一SpecificreferenceZerojO谐指)
/*Unceitain
indefinite1a/an
Anaphoric(后照应)
Specificreference]
.-Definitespecificreferencedb.Cataphoric(前照应)(确定特指)
Lc.Situational(语境)
d.Indefinitespecificreference
(非确定特指)
Lecture5Pronoun(L8-9)
1.Classification
rPers仃nWFrnn(人称代词):
l/me<
we/us,you.he/him^she/her,it.they/tliem
PossessivesPron(物主化词[二mine5ours«
yoursrhis,hers*the!
rs
KeflexivePron(反身代词):
myself,ourselxes.yourself,yourselves,himself,】lerself,itsel£
themselves
Pron<
ReciprocalPron(桂互彳弋卞]):
eacftiotlierPoneailother
DemonstrativePron(指示ft词):
tins,that,tliese^those,such
RelativePron(关累賞词):
tliat,who,what,which,-ever
InterrogativePron(疑|H]ft词):
who}what4which,whose<
-ever
IndefiniteFron〔不定{弋词):
Evwry划sonie-^any-^no-?
others^anotlier,many,nmclulittle,all,lialE,alot,either*neither,
Qtu;
theformer/latter;
one/t\vo/three/etc<
;
thefirst/second/last/etc.
Antecedent先行词
2.Theuseofreflexivepronoun(-self)
Uncmphatic^
use
Object
Prepositionalcomplementationl(介词补足成分)
ReflexivePron-
Emphatic
Appositivc(同位诺)
Contrastiveprepositionalcomplementation(对比性介词补足成分)
Special-meaningprepositionalcomplementation(表特殊意义的介词补足成分)
Subjectcomplement(主语补语)
Subjectorpartofsubject
3.Pronounreferenee(代词照应)
前照应(Anaphoricreferenc^、后照应(Cataphoricreferenee)语境照应(Situationalreferenee)
人称照应(Personalreferenee、指示照应(Demonstrativereferenee)
Lecture6VerbandVerbPhrase(L10-22)
1.Classificationofverbs
Primary,modal&
semi-auxiliaries
1)
Mainverbs&
auxiliaries(function&
formation)
2)Transitiveverb,intransitiveverbs&
linkingverbs
(whetherfollowedbycompliments)
V,+objectIcompliment1adverbial
3)Dynamicverb&
stativeverbs(lexicalmeaning)
4)Single-wordverb&
phrasalverbs(word-formation
&
grammaticalform)
5)Finiteverbsandnon-finiteverbs(form)
to-infinltive,-ingparticiple&
-edparticiple(L19-22)
动词分类的标准有很多种,如上图所示,记住基本的术语和其用法就是。
比如及物动词、不及物动词、联系
动词、助动词、动态动词、静态动词、词组动词、限定动词、非限定动词、不定式,不带to不定式(bareinfinitive)等等,还有副词小品词(adverbparticle)。
TransitiveVerbs:
followedbyobjects.
Intransitiveverbs:
donotrequireanobject.
Linkingverbs:
followedbysubjectcompliments.
?
SVO主一动一宾
SVoO主一动一宾一宾
SVOC主一动一宾一补
SV主一动
SVC主一动一补
(Transitiveverb)
(Ditransitiveverb)
【双宾语动词】(Monotransitiveverb)
【单宾语动词】(Intransitiveverb)
(Linkingverb)
Thisaspectisofessentialimportaneebecausetheverbtypeheredeterminesthebasicsentencestructureofyoursentenceandhowyoucanexpandyoursentence.
2.Tenseandaspects
^xTenseAspect'
、
Simplepresent
Simplepast
Simplefuture
Pastfuture
progressive
现在进行体
过去进行体
将来进行体
过去将来进行体
perfective
现在完成体
过去完成体
将来完成体
过去将来完成体
Perfectiveprogressive
现在完成进行体
过去完成进行体
将来完成进行体
过去将来完成进行体
4.Mood
陈述式(Indicativemood)、祈使式(Imperativemood)、虚拟式(Subjunctivemood)
5.Non-finiteverbs
pp.230-1动态形容词(DynamicAdjective)、静态形容词(StativeAdjective)
p.251前置修饰语(Premodifier)>
p.256悬垂分词(DanglingParticiple)/无依着分词(Unattachedparticiple)、依着法贝卩(Attachmentrule)
Lecture7AdjectiveandAdverb(L23-24)
1.1Adjective&
AdjectivePhrase
MjP
CompoundAdj(复合形容词〕
1.3Adjectivemeaning
1.2Adjectiveform
「FreemorphemeAdjhobcold)
广Oile-^vordAdj-2DerivativeAdjf派生形容词)
--ingAdj
动态形容词、静态形容词、等级形容词、非等级形容词
2.1Adverb&
AdverbPhrase(AdvP)
(pre-nioSifier)
AdvP
head
(pSsE^odifleror
complementation补足戍甘)
quite
clearlv
•神
dearly
enough
independentlyofliisparents
2.2Advform
厂SimpleAdv:
UeriAati'
ieAdv:
AdvY
too*ratJier,iiard.quite,late,soon,here,early,long,dcnvr^round,today,tomorrow,etc.
clearly^usually,unconsciously;
weekly,fatherly^timely;
pairwise*piecewise,clockwise;
hoineivarcls*aftenvards,seawards;
etc*
aiij^ayjam~vvhere,nowhere,jheretofore,however,henceforth^
(^inpounVnevertheless,tiierefore,tliereof,thereupon,thereafter,thereby,etc.
IdiomaticAdv:
ofcourse,kindof.atlast,onearth,afteralhinfact,verymuchetc.
2.3AdvMeaning
Ctpp・421-3
Advoftiinp
Adv-
Advofplncc
.xAdjunctiveAdvJ三
工fAdvofmanner
(條饰件劃词〕
P272
Advofdegree
LAdvnffrequpiicy
DisjnnrtiveAdv(评注性副词说淸人的认知、情感.说话方式
^ConjunctiveAdv(连接性副词)
p.274修饰性状语(Adjunct)、评注性状语(Disjunet)、连接性状语(Conjunct)
Lecture8Degree&
ComparativeConstruction
(L25)
(比较等级和比较结构)
RegulardegreeformsofAdj&
Adv
Positive/absolute
Comparative
Superlative
原级
比较级
最咼级
Monosyllabic
Synthetic
Adj-/Adv-er
Adj/Adv-est
(单音节)Adj&
(inflectional)
综合(屈折)形式
Polysyllabic
Analytic(phrasal)
moreAdj/Adv
mostAdj/Adv
(多音节)Adj&
分析(词组)形式
Disyllabic
SyntheticorAnalytic
(双音节)Adj&
1.Degreeforms
Notes:
(1)-ingand-edparticipialAdjtakesmore~&
most~
(2)Someirregularforms,e.g.,far,good
(3)GradableindefiniteDet&
Prons:
many/much,few,little
2.Comparativeconstruction
ThenonstandardAustrianGermanspeakerswereratedasLaggressive].
->
・•丄moreaggressive].
...[nioreaggressivethanthestandardspeakers^.
AdjP
modifierhead
degreecomplem
aggressh^etlianthestandardspeakers张道負等人:
as/than引导的成分是比较状语(X)
--Howaggressive?
—Mmeaggressivejhanthest盘ndfird(修饰语)
more
3.GeneralstructureofComparativeconstruction
Comparativeconstruction
Adv
degreecomplementation
comparativcphrase/clause
as/so;
-er;
inore/lessAdj/Adv/N
(1)More(less,fewer)canbeDetorPron:
Model2accountedformorevarianee
as/than-phrase/elause
…thandidModel1.(Det)
Itappearedinmorethan50%oftherequeste-mails.(Pron)
(2)As&
thanareConjorrarelyPrep:
Johnistallerthanshe(is)./Johnistallerthanher.
E.g.Appleisastastyastomato.
Complement
A贞P(comparativeconstruction)
Lecture9Statement,Question,Command&
Exclamation(L27)
(陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句)
(1)
Sentencetypes句子
Simplesentence,Compoundsentence,Complexsentence&
Compoundcomplexsentence简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句(Accordinggrammaticalstructure)
(2)Declarativesentence,imperativesentence,interrogativesentence,Exclamatorysentenee陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句(Accordingtocommunicativefunction)
1.Statements(Declarativesentences):
Positive/Negativestatements
2.Questions(Interrogativesentences):
General(yes-no)questions,Special(Wh-)questions,Alternativequestions,Tagquestions附加疑问句),Rhetoricalquestions修辞疑问句)
3.CommandsandExclamations
4.Tagquestions(pp.316-9)Transferrednegation否定转移)
(L28-29)
Lecture10ExistentialSentence&
It-Patterns
(存在句和It-句型)
1.Existentialsentence
存在句、实义主语(NotionalSubject)、真主语(Realsubject)、地点状语(Locativeadverbial)、时间状语(Temporaladverbial)
*p.326,提及的非确定特指,冠词、数词等限定词,见限定词(Determiner)—讲。
前