中级宏观经济学macro-ch3.pps

中级宏观经济学macro-ch3.pps

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macromacroeconomicssixtheditionN.GregoryMankiw第第第第22篇篇篇篇古典理论：

长期中的经古典理论：

长期中的经古典理论：

长期中的经古典理论：

长期中的经济济济济PartClassicalTheory:

TheEconomyintheLongRunmacromacroeconomicssixtheditionN.GregoryMankiwCHAPTERTHREENationalIncome:

WhereitComesFromandWhereitGoes国民收入：

从哪里来到哪里去国民收入：

从哪里来到哪里去CHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide3221025Inthischapteryouwilllearn:

Inthischapteryouwilllearn:

whatdeterminestheeconomystotaloutput/income是什么决定了经济的总产出/收入howthepricesofthefactorsofproductionaredetermined产出要素的价格是如何决定的howtotalincomeisdistributed总收入如何分配whatdeterminesthedemandforgoodsandservices什么因素决定产品与服务需求howequilibriuminthegoodsmarketisachieved如何实现产品与服务市场的均衡CHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide4221025Figure3.1TheCircularFlowofDollarsThroughtheEconomy货币在经济中的循环流程产品与服务市场消费企业收益家庭企业政府政府购买投资税收公众储蓄金融市场私人储蓄收入生产要素市场生产要素支付CHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide5221025OutlineofmodelOutlineofmodelAclosedeconomy,market-clearingmodel封闭经济，市场出清Supplyside供应方factormarkets（supply,demand,price）生产要素市场（供给、需求、价格）determinationofoutput/income产出/收入的决定Demandside需求方determinantsofC,I,andGC，I，G的决定Equilibrium均衡goodsmarket产品与服务市场loanablefundsmarket可贷资金市场CHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide6221025FactorsofproductionFactorsofproductionK=capital,K=资本tools,machines,andstructuresusedinproduction用于生产的工具、机器、厂房等L=labor,L=劳动力thephysicalandmentaleffortsofworkers工人的体力和脑力劳动CHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide7221025TheproductionfunctionTheproductionfunctiondenotedY=F（K,L）showshowmuchoutput（Y）theeconomycanproducefromKunitsofcapitalandLunitsoflabor.产出Y是资本K和劳动L的函数reflectstheeconomysleveloftechnology.反映经济的技术水平exhibitsconstantreturnstoscale.具有规模报酬不变的特征CHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide8221025Returnstoscale:

areviewReturnstoscale:

areviewInitiallyY1=F（K1,L1）Scaleallinputsbythesamefactorz:

K2=zK1andL2=zL1（Ifz=1.25,thenallinputsareincreasedby25%）Whathappenstooutput,Y2=F（K2,L2）?

Ifconstantreturnstoscale规模报酬不变,Y2=zY1Ifincreasingreturnstoscale规模报酬递增,Y2zY1Ifdecreasingreturnstoscale规模报酬递减,Y2G,budgetsurplus=（TG）=publicsaving公共储蓄0WhenTG,budgetdeficit=（GT）andpublicsavingisnegative公共储蓄0bigtaxcuts:

T0Accordingtoourmodel,bothpoliciesreducenationalsaving:

（）SYCYTGGSTCSCHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide632210251.TheReagandeficits1.TheReagandeficits,cont.,cont.rS,I1SI（r）r1I1r22.whichcausestherealinterestratetorise引起实际利率上升I23.whichreducesthelevelofinvestment.减少投资水平1.Theincreaseinthedeficitreducessaving赤字增加储蓄减少2SCHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide64221025Arethedataconsistentwiththeseresults?

Arethedataconsistentwiththeseresults?

variable1970s1980sTG2.23.9S19.617.4r1.16.3I19.919.4variable1970s1980sTG2.23.9S19.617.4r1.16.3I19.919.4TG,S,andIareexpressedasapercentofGDPAllfiguresareaveragesoverthedecadeshown.CHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide65221025NowyoutryNowyoutryDrawthediagramfortheloanablefundsmodel.Supposethetaxlawsarealteredtoprovidemoreincentivesforprivatesaving.假设税法鼓励私人储蓄Whathappenstotheinterestrateandinvestment?

利率和投资发生什么变化（AssumethatTdoesntchange）CHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide66221025MasteringtheloanablefundsmodelMasteringtheloanablefundsmodel2.Thingsthatshifttheinvestmentcurve影响投资曲线的因素certaintechnologicalinnovations技术创新totakeadvantageoftheinnovation,firmsmustbuynewinvestmentgoods企业增加投资taxlawsthataffectinvestment税收政策影响投资investmenttaxcredit投资税赋优惠CHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide67221025AnincreaseininvestmentdemandAnincreaseininvestmentdemandAnincreaseindesiredinvestmentrS,II1SI2r1r2raisestheinterestrate.Buttheequilibriumlevelofinvestmentcannotincreasebecausethesupplyofloanablefundsisfixed.但是均衡的投资水平没有增加，因为可贷资金供给不变CHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide68221025SavingandtheinterestrateSavingandtheinterestrate储蓄与利率储蓄与利率储蓄与利率储蓄与利率Whymightsavingdependonr?

为什么储蓄取决于利率Howwouldtheresultsofanincreaseininvestmentdemandbedifferent?

Wouldrriseasmuch?

WouldtheequilibriumvalueofIchange?

CHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide69221025AnincreaseininvestmentdemandwhensavingAnincreaseininvestmentdemandwhensavingdependsontheinterestratedependsontheinterestrate当储蓄取决于利率时投资增加的情况当储蓄取决于利率时投资增加的情况当储蓄取决于利率时投资增加的情况当储蓄取决于利率时投资增加的情况Realinterestrate,r2.raisestheinterestrate.Investment,Saving,I,SS（r）AB1.Anincreaseindesiredinvestment.3.andraisesequilibriuminvestmentandsaving.I2I1CHAPTER3CHAPTER3NationalIncomeNationalIncomeslide70221025ChaptersummaryChaptersummary1.Totaloutputisdeterminedby总产出取决于howmuchcapitalandlab