高一英语语法归纳总结之定语从句讲练学生用Word文件下载.docx

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高一英语语法归纳总结之定语从句讲练学生用Word文件下载.docx

﹙2﹚关系副词:

when/where/why

5.引导词的位置:

位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。

【as除外】

6.引导词的功能(作用):

﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。

﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语,关系副词充当状语)。

7.定语从句的类型:

﹙1﹚限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。

①直接由引导词引导定语从句

Themanwhoyou’retalkingtoismyfriend.

②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导

Themantowhomyou’retalkingismyfriend.

IneedapenwithwhichIcanwritealetter.

=IneedapieceofpaperonwhichIcanwritealetter.

介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定,该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前,也可放在从句之尾。

例如:

Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.

=ThemanaboutwhomItalkedatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.

Thepalace(which/that)Ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury.

=ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.

﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。

①直接由引导词引导定语从句。

②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。

Iliveinahousefarawayfromthecity,infrontofwhichisabigtree.

Thereisanappletreestandingatthegate,onwhicharemanyapples.

ThisisthemantowhomIgavethebook.

③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指

人用whom,指物用which)引导。

One,some,any,none,all,both,several,many,most,neither,either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用。

Hehasfivechildren,twoofwhomareabroad.

(比较:

Hehasfivechildren,andtwoofthemareabroad.)

Wehavethreebooks,noneofwhichis/areinteresting.

Wehavethreebooks,butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)

除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外,其余引导词都可以,用法同限定性定语从句一样。

但要注意以下区别。

1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。

2.非限定性定语从句的作用:

它只是补充说明先行词的情况,翻译时可译成两个句子。

Theengineer,whoselegwasbadlyhurt,wasquicklysenttohospital.

(那位工程师被很快送往医院,其腿部受了重伤)

Theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.

(那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)

3.在非限定性定语从句中,任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)。

指人做主语时只能用who,做宾语时用whom;

指物做主语,宾语都用which;

关系副词用when或where,也不能省略。

Theman,______issittingonthechair,ismyfather.

Thewoman,_______Imetyesterday,ismyEnglishteacher.

Thecity,_______isfaraway,isverybeautiful.

HewenttoAmerica,______hisparentslive.

HejoinedtheArmyyesterday,______Ileft,too.

4.whose引导非限定性定语从句:

Thehouse,whosewindowfacessouth,ismine.

=Thehouse,thewindowofwhichfacessouth,ismine.

=Thehouse,ofwhichthewindowfacessouth,ismine. 

二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。

1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的主语,不能省略。

Doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere?

2.whom/who/that指人是宾格,在定语从句中代替先行词,又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)。

①当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时,关系代词可省略。

Doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow?

②当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时:

介词不提前时,关系代词可省略;

介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。

Theman(whom/who/that)Ispokewithismyteacher.

ThemanwithwhomIspokeismyteacher.

※注:

固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如lookfor,takecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开,既介词不能提至引导词前。

Sheistherightgirl(who/whom/that)wearelookingfor.

3.whose:

指人或物,是所有格“…的”形式。

Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了,whose不能省略。

Whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.

Ididn’tfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.(主语)

HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.(动宾)

ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkisverykind.(介宾)

4.which/that指物,指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。

①当作动宾时,关系代词可省略。

②当作介宾时:

介词提前时,关系代词不可省,即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。

Thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.

Thepen(which/that)youfoundyesterdayismine.

Thegames(that/which)theyoungmencompetedinweredifficult.

Thegamesinwhichtheyoungmencompetedweredifficult.

※注:

介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom,指物用which)。

※5.as指人或物,在定语从句中可作主语,宾语,表语或状语,不能省略。

主要用于“thesame…as…;

such…as…;

so…as…;

as…as…;

asfollows”固定结构中,形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。

要用as代替who(m),which,或that引导定语从句:

SuchpeopleasknewHillthoughthewashonest.

SuchpeopleasHillknewthoughthewashonest.

Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.

Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.

Thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups(know).

I’dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool.

HeisnotsuchapersonasIexpected.

Hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.

which和as可引导非限定性定语从句:

可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可以互换。

因此,当as/which指代前面的整个句子,或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时,谓语用单数.

Ourteamlostthegame,as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.

Shewasterrified,as/whichIcouldseefromhereyes.

Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.

区别:

①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾;

而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。

Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.

=Aswasnatural,hemarriedher.

MarkTwinisagreatwriter,which/asisknowntoall.

=Asisknowntoall,MarkTwinisagreatwriter.

②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意,而which则无此意。

常用句型有:

asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected,Asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。

如:

Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.

Toshutyoureyestofacts,asmanyofyoudo,isfoolish.

③主句和从句有因果关系时,用which.

Ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch,whichmadeusveryhappy.

Bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.

④从句含否定意义时常用which.

Shedidn’tpasstheexam,whichwecouldn’texpect.

Shedidn’tpasstheexam,asweexpected.

6.when关系副词:

指时间。

在定语从句中作时间状语,不能省略。

此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)。

IstillrememberthetimewhenIjoinedtheLeague.

=IstillrememberthetimeonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.

=Istillrememberthetime(which/that)IjoinedtheLeagueon.

7.where关系副词:

指地点。

在定语从句中作地点状语,不能省略。

此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表地点的名词)。

IstillremembertheschoolwhereIjoinedtheLeague.

=IstillremembertheschoolinwhichIjoinedtheLeague.

=Istillremembertheschool(which/that)IjoinedtheLeaguein.

对关系副词when,where的认识。

①.先行词是时间的名词,并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。

I’llneverforgetthetime(which/that)IspentinBeijing.

②.先行词是地点的名词,并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。

Thisisthefactory(which/that)hevisitedyesterday.

③.当句型为It/This/Thatis(was)thefirst(second…last)time引起的句子时用that连接其后的句子。

此时的time是次数,不是时间。

It/Thisisthefirsttimethatwetravel.

It/ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.

8.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,先行词通常为reason,不能省略。

且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。

Why=forwhich

Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslateyesterday.

Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslateisthathemissedthebus.

当先行词为reason时,关系副词并非都用why。

Thisisthereason(that/which)hegave/explainedtous.

【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】

从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。

试比较:

Iwillneverforgettheday(which/that)IspentinHongkong.

(spent是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略)

Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichHongkongreturnedtoitsmotherland.

(从句主谓宾结构完整,缺状语,因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)

Thereason(that/which)hegavefornotcomingtoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.

(gave是及物动词,后缺宾语,因此用关系代词或省略)

Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.

三.值得注意的几个问题:

第一.当先行词是物时,关系代词(that/which)只用that的情况。

1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。

Thisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshownthisyear.

Thisisthefirstbook(that)Iborrowfromthelibrary.

※Heisthefirststudentthat/whocametoschooltoday.

2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。

Hetalkedabouttheteachersandtheschool(that)hehadvisited.

3.当先行词本身是all的,用that。

(allthat=what)

Allthat(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.

=All(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.

Gooverallthat(what)welearned.

=Gooverall(what)welearned.(that在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略)

4.先行词为something,anything,nothing,everything,thing时,用that.

I’lltellyouanything(that)Iknow.

5.当先行词前有all,much,little,many,(a)few,every,some,any,no,only,thevery,oneof,theonly,thelast,thenext等修饰语时。

Thisisoneofthebooks(that)I’mveryinterestingin.

※ThisisoneofthebooksinwhichI’mveryinteresting.

Thisistheonlybook(that)Iread.

Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.

Alltheglassesthatwereonthetablefelloffontothefloor.

6.(人,物),当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时,用that引导以避免混淆.

Whoisthemanthatistalkingwiththelady?

Whichofyouthatknowtheanswercancometothefront?

7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时,用that.

Helikesthegirlthatsheusedtobe.

第二.当先行词是物时,关系代词(that/which)只用which的情况。

1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时.

Theroominwhichhelivesisverylarge.

2.引导非限定性定语从句时(主,宾都用which, 都不能省略).

Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.

Thehouse,whichIvisitedyesterday,isverylarge.

3.which指整个句子的内容或部分内容,引导非限定性定语从句.

Healwaysmakesfunofme,whichupsetsme.

第三. 其他特殊情况.

1.先行词是these,those指人时,关系代词只用who.

Thosewhoareplayingovertherearemystudents.

2.先行词是人称代词(he,she…)时,关系代词只用who.

Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.

3.不定代词someone,anyone,everyone,noone,somebody,anybody,everybody作先行词时,关系代词用who.

Anybodywhobreakstheruleswouldbepunished.

4.①先行词是theonlyoneof+可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用单数形式(因为此时的先行词是theonlyone,而不是of后的可数名词复数).

Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthatisborrowed.

②先行词是oneof+可数名词复数,在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语用复数形式(因为此时的先行词是of后的可数名词复数,而不是one).

Thisisoneofthestudentswhoarelate.

5.当主句缺先行词时,用theone代替,但须注意:

theone只能代替可数名词单数.如为不可数名词时,指什么用什么.

IsthisschooltheoneIvisitedyesterday?

Ispopmusicthemusichelikesbest?

 

6.当先行词是theway, 在定语从句中充当方式状语时(theway表"以…方式/方法"),引导词通常用that或省略,也可用inwhich. 

Idon’tliketheway(that)youspeak.

=Idon’tlikethewayinwhichyouspeak.

=Idon’tliketheway(which/that)youspeakin.

【“介词+关系代词”十种情况】

在定语从句中,介词+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。

现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下:

1.介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语,代替相应的关系副词when,where和why。

Istillrememberthedayonwhich(when)Ifirstcametoschool.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。

Thefactoryinwhich(=where)

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