职称英语卫生类完形填空字典版小抄Word格式.docx

职称英语卫生类完形填空字典版小抄Word格式.docx

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TheWorldHealthOrganizationreductionstheDOTS3programinnineteenninety.DOTSisDirectlyObservedTreatment,Short-course.Healthworkerswatchtuberculosispatientstaketheirdailypillstomakesuretheycontinuetreatment.

Earlierthisyear,aninternationalpartnershipoforganizationsannouncedaplantoexpandtheDOTSprogram.Theten-yearplanalsoaimstofinanceresearchintonewTBdrugs.Thefourmostcommondrugsusednowaremorethanfortyyearsold.TheGlobalAllianceforTBDrugDevelopment4saysitslong-termgoalisatreatmentthatcouldworkinasfewastendoses.

2ABiologicalClock

Everylivingthinghaswhatsicentistscallabiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Thebiologicalclocktellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhenthefolwersshouldopen,Ittellsinsectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonsandflyaway,andittellsanimalsandhumanbeingswhentoeat,skeepandwake.

Eventsoutsidetheplantandanimalaffecttheactionsofsomebiologicalclocks.Scientistsrecentlyfound,forexample,thatatinyanimalchangesthecolorofitsfurbecauseofthenumberofhoursofdaylight,Intheshortdaysofwinter,itsfurbecomeswhite,Thefurbecomesgraybrownincolorinthelongerhoursofdaylightinsummer.

Innersignalscontrolotherbiologicalclocks.Germanscientistsfoundthatsomekindofinternalclockseemstoorderbirdstobegintheirlongmigrationflighttwiceeachyear.Birdspreventedfromflyinbecomerestlesswhenitistimeforthetrip,buttheybecomecalmagainwhenthetimeoftheflighthasended.

Scientistssaytheyarebeginningtolearnwhichpartsofthebraincontainbiologicalclocks.AnAmericanresearcher,MartinMoorhead,saidasmallgroupofcellsnearthefrontofthebrainseemstocontrolthetimingofsomeofouractions,Thesecellstellaoersonwhentoawaken,whentosleepandwhentoseekfood,Scientistssaythereprobablyareotherbiologicalclockcellsthatcontrolotherbodyactivities.

Dr.Moorheadisstudyinghowourbiologicalclocksaffectthewaywedoourwork.Forexample,mostofushavegreatdifficultyifwemustoftenchangetodifferentworkhours.

ItCantakemanydaysforahumanbodytoacceptthemajorchangeinworkhoursDr.Moorheadsaidindustrialofficialsshouldhaveabetterunderstandingofbiologicalclocksandhowtheyaffectworkers,Hesaidsuchunderstandingcouldcutsicknessandaccidentsatworkandwouldhelpincreaseafactory`sproduction.

3OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive

It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980,whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewild,bydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanet,whatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves?

inreality,ofcourse,itwasnaivetoimaginethateveryonewouldletgoofsuchapotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhaveafewmuchvials.Andthelast“official”stocksoflicevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia,fornoobviousgain.

NowAmericanresearchershavefoundananimalmodelofthehumandisease,openingthewayfortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Sooneagainthere’sagoodreasontokeepthevirus—justincasethediseaseputsinareappearance.

Howdowe_dealwiththemistrustoftheUSandRussia?

SimpleKeepthevirusunderinternationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobject,ofcourse,justasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’tmeantheideaiswrong.Ifthevirusisuseful,thenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.

4Diet,AlcoholLinkedtoNearlyOneThirdofCancers

Dietissecondonlytotobaccoasaleadingcauseofcancerand,alongwithalcohol,isresponsiblefornearlyonethirdofcasesofthediseaseindevelopedcountries,aleadingresearchersaidonTuesday.

Dr.TimKey,oftheUniversityofOxford,toldacancerconferencethatscientistsarestilldiscoveringhowcertainfoodscontributetocancer,buttheyknowthatdiet,alcoholandobesity.playamajorrole.

“Fivepercentofcancerscouldbeavoidedifnobodywasobese,”hesaid.

Whiletobaccoisblinkedtoabout30percentofcancercases,dietisinvolvedinanestimated25percentandalcoholinaboutsixpercent.

Obesityraisestheriskofbreast,womb,bowelandkidneycancer,whilealcoholisknowntocausecancersofthemouth,throatandliver,Itsdangerousimpactisincreasedwhencombinedwithsmoking.

KeytoldthemeetingofthecharityCancerResearchUKthatotherelementsofdietlinkedtocancerarestillunknownbutscientistsarehopingthattheEPICstudy,whichiscomparingthedietsof500,000peoplein10countriesandtheirriskofcancer,willprovidesomeanswers.

EarlyresultsofthestudyhaverevealedthatNorway,SwedenandDenmarkhavethelowestconsumptionoffruitandvegetablesamongEuropeancountrieswhileItalyandSpainhavethehighest.Eatingatleastfiveportionsoffruitandvegetablesadayisrecommendedtoreducetheriskofcancer.

Key,principalscientistontheEPICstudy,saiditislookingatdietarylinkstosomeofthemostcommoncancersincludingcolorectal,breastandprostate.

5MenTooMaySufferfromDomesticViolence

Nearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimes,accordingtooneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen.

"

Manymenactuallydoexperiencedomesticviolence,althoughwedon'

thearaboutitoften,"

Dr.RobertJ.ReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle,oneofthestudy'

sauthors,toldReutersHealth."

Theyoftendon'

ttell__and__wedon'

task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolencethattheyarenotaloneandthereareresourcesavailabletothem"

Theresearchersaskedstudyparticipantsaboutphysicalabuseandnon-physicalabuse,suchasthreatsthatmadethemfearfortheirsafety,controllingbehavior（forexample,beingtoldwhotheycouldassociatewithandwheretheycouldgo）,andconstantname-calling.

Amongmen18to54yearsold,14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartner__violenceinthepastfiveyears,while6.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear.

Rateswerelowerformen55andolder,with5.3percentreportingviolenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months.

Overall,30.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeenvictimsofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfoftheviolencethemenexperiencedwasphysical.

However,thephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn'

tasharshasthatsufferedbywomeninapreviousstudy;

20percentto40percentofthemenrateditassevere,comparedto61percentofwomen

Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreemotionalandmentalhealthproblemsthanthosewhohadnot,especiallyoldermen,theresearchersfound.

*6Once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatment

Bristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepillSometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.Malaria,tuberculosisandHIV/AIDS,2forexample,arealltreatedwithcombinationsofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbesimplerifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepill,takenjustonceaday.

Now,twocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejuststartingtreatmentforHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhavedevelopedasinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.3Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthemunderthenameofSustiva.4Gileadcombinedtheothers,EmtrivaandViread,intoasinglepillintwothousandfour.

Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethantechnicalissues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetitionifthedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultofwhat