职称英语卫生类完形填空字典版小抄Word格式.docx
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TheWorldHealthOrganizationreductionstheDOTS3programinnineteenninety.DOTSisDirectlyObservedTreatment,Short-course.Healthworkerswatchtuberculosispatientstaketheirdailypillstomakesuretheycontinuetreatment.
Earlierthisyear,aninternationalpartnershipoforganizationsannouncedaplantoexpandtheDOTSprogram.Theten-yearplanalsoaimstofinanceresearchintonewTBdrugs.Thefourmostcommondrugsusednowaremorethanfortyyearsold.TheGlobalAllianceforTBDrugDevelopment4saysitslong-termgoalisatreatmentthatcouldworkinasfewastendoses.
2ABiologicalClock
Everylivingthinghaswhatsicentistscallabiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Thebiologicalclocktellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhenthefolwersshouldopen,Ittellsinsectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonsandflyaway,andittellsanimalsandhumanbeingswhentoeat,skeepandwake.
Eventsoutsidetheplantandanimalaffecttheactionsofsomebiologicalclocks.Scientistsrecentlyfound,forexample,thatatinyanimalchangesthecolorofitsfurbecauseofthenumberofhoursofdaylight,Intheshortdaysofwinter,itsfurbecomeswhite,Thefurbecomesgraybrownincolorinthelongerhoursofdaylightinsummer.
Innersignalscontrolotherbiologicalclocks.Germanscientistsfoundthatsomekindofinternalclockseemstoorderbirdstobegintheirlongmigrationflighttwiceeachyear.Birdspreventedfromflyinbecomerestlesswhenitistimeforthetrip,buttheybecomecalmagainwhenthetimeoftheflighthasended.
Scientistssaytheyarebeginningtolearnwhichpartsofthebraincontainbiologicalclocks.AnAmericanresearcher,MartinMoorhead,saidasmallgroupofcellsnearthefrontofthebrainseemstocontrolthetimingofsomeofouractions,Thesecellstellaoersonwhentoawaken,whentosleepandwhentoseekfood,Scientistssaythereprobablyareotherbiologicalclockcellsthatcontrolotherbodyactivities.
Dr.Moorheadisstudyinghowourbiologicalclocksaffectthewaywedoourwork.Forexample,mostofushavegreatdifficultyifwemustoftenchangetodifferentworkhours.
ItCantakemanydaysforahumanbodytoacceptthemajorchangeinworkhoursDr.Moorheadsaidindustrialofficialsshouldhaveabetterunderstandingofbiologicalclocksandhowtheyaffectworkers,Hesaidsuchunderstandingcouldcutsicknessandaccidentsatworkandwouldhelpincreaseafactory`sproduction.
3OneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive
It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980,whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewild,bydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanet,whatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves?
inreality,ofcourse,itwasnaivetoimaginethateveryonewouldletgoofsuchapotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhaveafewmuchvials.Andthelast“official”stocksoflicevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia,fornoobviousgain.
NowAmericanresearchershavefoundananimalmodelofthehumandisease,openingthewayfortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Sooneagainthere’sagoodreasontokeepthevirus—justincasethediseaseputsinareappearance.
Howdowe_dealwiththemistrustoftheUSandRussia?
SimpleKeepthevirusunderinternationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobject,ofcourse,justasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’tmeantheideaiswrong.Ifthevirusisuseful,thenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.
4Diet,AlcoholLinkedtoNearlyOneThirdofCancers
Dietissecondonlytotobaccoasaleadingcauseofcancerand,alongwithalcohol,isresponsiblefornearlyonethirdofcasesofthediseaseindevelopedcountries,aleadingresearchersaidonTuesday.
Dr.TimKey,oftheUniversityofOxford,toldacancerconferencethatscientistsarestilldiscoveringhowcertainfoodscontributetocancer,buttheyknowthatdiet,alcoholandobesity.playamajorrole.
“Fivepercentofcancerscouldbeavoidedifnobodywasobese,”hesaid.
Whiletobaccoisblinkedtoabout30percentofcancercases,dietisinvolvedinanestimated25percentandalcoholinaboutsixpercent.
Obesityraisestheriskofbreast,womb,bowelandkidneycancer,whilealcoholisknowntocausecancersofthemouth,throatandliver,Itsdangerousimpactisincreasedwhencombinedwithsmoking.
KeytoldthemeetingofthecharityCancerResearchUKthatotherelementsofdietlinkedtocancerarestillunknownbutscientistsarehopingthattheEPICstudy,whichiscomparingthedietsof500,000peoplein10countriesandtheirriskofcancer,willprovidesomeanswers.
EarlyresultsofthestudyhaverevealedthatNorway,SwedenandDenmarkhavethelowestconsumptionoffruitandvegetablesamongEuropeancountrieswhileItalyandSpainhavethehighest.Eatingatleastfiveportionsoffruitandvegetablesadayisrecommendedtoreducetheriskofcancer.
Key,principalscientistontheEPICstudy,saiditislookingatdietarylinkstosomeofthemostcommoncancersincludingcolorectal,breastandprostate.
5MenTooMaySufferfromDomesticViolence
Nearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimes,accordingtooneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen.
"
Manymenactuallydoexperiencedomesticviolence,althoughwedon'
thearaboutitoften,"
Dr.RobertJ.ReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle,oneofthestudy'
sauthors,toldReutersHealth."
Theyoftendon'
ttell__and__wedon'
task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolencethattheyarenotaloneandthereareresourcesavailabletothem"
Theresearchersaskedstudyparticipantsaboutphysicalabuseandnon-physicalabuse,suchasthreatsthatmadethemfearfortheirsafety,controllingbehavior(forexample,beingtoldwhotheycouldassociatewithandwheretheycouldgo),andconstantname-calling.
Amongmen18to54yearsold,14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartner__violenceinthepastfiveyears,while6.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear.
Rateswerelowerformen55andolder,with5.3percentreportingviolenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months.
Overall,30.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeenvictimsofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfoftheviolencethemenexperiencedwasphysical.
However,thephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn'
tasharshasthatsufferedbywomeninapreviousstudy;
20percentto40percentofthemenrateditassevere,comparedto61percentofwomen
Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreemotionalandmentalhealthproblemsthanthosewhohadnot,especiallyoldermen,theresearchersfound.
*6Once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatment
Bristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepillSometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.Malaria,tuberculosisandHIV/AIDS,2forexample,arealltreatedwithcombinationsofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbesimplerifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepill,takenjustonceaday.
Now,twocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejuststartingtreatmentforHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhavedevelopedasinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.3Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthemunderthenameofSustiva.4Gileadcombinedtheothers,EmtrivaandViread,intoasinglepillintwothousandfour.
Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethantechnicalissues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetitionifthedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultofwhat